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Mazmanian"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","saramcbride","sophiahsien","gilsharon","embriettehyde","tylermccue","juliancodelli","janetchow","sarahreisman","josephpetrosino","paulpatterson","sarkismazmanian"],publication_date:"2013/12/19",journal:"Cell",volume:"155",issue:"7",pages:"1451-1463",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"Neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are defined by core behavioral impairments; however, subsets of individuals display a spectrum of gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities. We demonstrate GI barrier defects and microbiota alterations in the maternal immune activation (MIA) mouse model that is known to display features of ASD. Oral treatment of MIA offspring with the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis corrects gut permeability, alters microbial composition, and ameliorates defects in communicative, stereotypic, anxiety-like and sensorimotor behaviors. MIA offspring display an altered serum metabolomic profile, and B.&nbsp;fragilis modulates levels of several metabolites. Treating naive mice with a metabolite that is increased by MIA and restored by B.&nbsp;fragilis causes certain behavioral abnormalities, suggesting that gut bacterial effects on the host metabolome impact behavior…",total_citations:3549,areas:{m:1,d:1,g:1}},{title:"Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)00248-2",authors:["Jessica M Yano","Kristie Yu","Gregory P Donaldson","Gauri G Shastri","Phoebe Ann","Liang Ma","Cathryn R Nagler","Rustem F Ismagilov","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["jessicayano","kristieyu","gregorydonaldson","gaurishastri","phoebeann","liangma","cathrynnagler","rustemismagilov","sarkismazmanian","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2015/4/9",journal:"Cell",volume:"161",issue:"2",pages:"264-276",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"The gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains much of the&nbsp;body's serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), but mechanisms controlling the metabolism of gut-derived 5-HT remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the microbiota plays a critical role in regulating host 5-HT. Indigenous spore-forming bacteria (Sp) from the mouse and human microbiota promote 5-HT biosynthesis from colonic enterochromaffin cells (ECs), which supply 5-HT to the mucosa, lumen, and circulating platelets. Importantly, microbiota-dependent effects on gut 5-HT significantly impact host physiology, modulating GI motility and platelet function. We identify select fecal metabolites that are increased by Sp and that elevate 5-HT in chromaffin cell cultures, suggesting direct metabolic signaling of gut microbes to ECs. Furthermore, elevating luminal concentrations of particular microbial metabolites increases colonic and blood 5-HT in germ-free mice…",total_citations:3390,areas:{s:1,g:1}},{title:"Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6960010/",authors:["Thomas C Fung","Christine A Olson","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["thomasfung","christineolson","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2017/2",source:"Nature neuroscience",volume:"20",issue:"2",pages:"145-155",publisher:"Nature Publishing Group US",description:"The diverse collection of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, collectively called the gut microbiota, profoundly influences many aspects of host physiology, including nutrient metabolism, resistance to infection and immune system development. Studies investigating the gut–brain axis demonstrate a critical role for the gut microbiota in orchestrating brain development and behavior, and the immune system is emerging as an important regulator of these interactions. Intestinal microbes modulate the maturation and function of tissue-resident immune cells in the CNS. Microbes also influence the activation of peripheral immune cells, which regulate responses to neuroinflammation, brain injury, autoimmunity and neurogenesis. Accordingly, both the gut microbiota and immune system are implicated in the etiopathogenesis or manifestation of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative…",total_citations:1765,areas:{d:1,g:1}},{title:"The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)30520-8",authors:["Christine A Olson","Helen E Vuong","Jessica M Yano","Qingxing Y Liang","David J Nusbaum","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["christineolson","helenvuong","jessicayano","qingxingliang","davidnusbaum","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2018/6/14",journal:"Cell",volume:"173",issue:"7",pages:"1728-1741. e13",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"The ketogenic diet (KD) is used to treat refractory epilepsy, but the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects remain unclear. Here, we show that the gut microbiota is altered by the KD and required for protection against acute electrically induced seizures and spontaneous tonic-clonic seizures in two mouse models. Mice treated with antibiotics or reared germ free are resistant to KD-mediated seizure protection. Enrichment of, and gnotobiotic co-colonization with, KD-associated Akkermansia and Parabacteroides restores seizure protection. Moreover, transplantation of the KD gut microbiota and treatment with Akkermansia and Parabacteroides each confer seizure protection to mice fed a control diet.&nbsp;Alterations in colonic lumenal, serum, and hippocampal metabolomic profiles correlate with seizure protection, including reductions in systemic gamma-glutamylated amino acids and elevated hippocampal…",total_citations:952,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Maternal immune activation yields offspring displaying mouse versions of the three core symptoms of autism",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3322300/",authors:["Natalia V Malkova","Z Yu Collin","Elaine Y Hsiao","Marlyn J Moore","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["nataliamalkova","zcollin","elainehsiao","marlynmoore","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2012/5/1",journal:"Brain, behavior, and immunity",volume:"26",issue:"4",pages:"607-616",publisher:"Brain Behav Immun",description:"The core symptoms of autism are deficits in social interaction and language, and the presence of repetitive/stereotyped behaviors. We demonstrate that behaviors related to these symptoms are present in a mouse model of an environmental risk factor for autism, maternal infection. We stimulate the maternal immune system by injecting the viral mimic poly(I:C) during pregnancy, and analyze the social and communicative behaviors of the offspring. In one test, young pups respond to a brief separation from the mother with ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). We find that, compared to pups born to saline-injected mothers, pups born to maternal immune activation (MIA) mothers produce a lower rate of USVs in the isolation test starting at day 8. The quality of the vocalizations is also different; analysis of sound spectrograms of 10day-old pups shows that male pups from MIA mothers emit significantly fewer harmonic and&nbsp;…",total_citations:760,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Emerging roles for the gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorder",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5285286/",authors:["Helen E Vuong","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["helenvuong","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2017/3/1",source:"Biological psychiatry",volume:"81",issue:"5",pages:"411-423",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that affects one in 45 children in the United States, with a similarly striking prevalence in countries around the world. However, mechanisms underlying its etiology and manifestations remain poorly understood. Although ASD is diagnosed based on the presence and severity of impaired social communication and repetitive behavior, immune dysregulation and gastrointestinal issues are common comorbidities. The microbiome is an integral part of human physiology; recent studies show that changes in the gut microbiota can modulate gastrointestinal physiology, immune function, and even behavior. Links between particular bacteria from the indigenous gut microbiota and phenotypes relevant to ASD raise the important question of whether microbial dysbiosis plays a role in the development or presentation of ASD symptoms. Here we review…",total_citations:608,areas:{m:1,d:1,g:1}},{title:"The microbiome and host behavior",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6661159/",authors:["Helen E Vuong","Jessica M Yano","Thomas C Fung","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["helenvuong","jessicayano","thomasfung","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2017/7/25",source:"Annual review of neuroscience",volume:"40",issue:"1",pages:"21-49",publisher:"Annual Reviews",description:"The microbiota is increasingly recognized for its ability to influence the development and function of the nervous system and several complex host behaviors. In this review, we discuss emerging roles for the gut microbiota in modulating host social and communicative behavior, stressor-induced behavior, and performance in learning and memory tasks. We summarize effects of the microbiota on host neurophysiology, including brain microstructure, gene expression, and neurochemical metabolism across regions of the amygdala, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus. We further assess evidence linking dysbiosis of the gut microbiota to neurobehavioral diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder and major depression, drawing upon findings from animal models and human trials. Finally, based on increasing associations between the microbiota, neurophysiology, and behavior, we consider whether…",total_citations:536,areas:{m:1,s:1,d:1}},{title:"Activation of the maternal immune system induces endocrine changes in the placenta via IL-6",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081363/",authors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2011/5/1",journal:"Brain, behavior, and immunity",volume:"25",issue:"4",pages:"604-615",publisher:"Brain Behav Immun",description:"Activation of the maternal immune system in rodent models sets in motion a cascade of molecular pathways that ultimately result in autism- and schizophrenia-related behaviors in offspring. The finding that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a crucial mediator of these effects led us to examine the mechanism by which this cytokine influences fetal development in vivo. Here we focus on the placenta as the site of direct interaction between mother and fetus and as a principal modulator of fetal development. We find that maternal immune activation (MIA) with a viral mimic, synthetic double-stranded RNA (poly(I:C)), increases IL-6 mRNA as well as maternally-derived IL-6 protein in the placenta. Placentas from MIA mothers exhibit increases in CD69+ decidual macrophages, granulocytes and uterine NK cells, indicating elevated early immune activation. Maternally-derived IL-6 mediates activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway&nbsp;…",total_citations:447,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Modeling an autism risk factor in mice leads to permanent immune dysregulation",paperURL:"https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1202556109",authors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","Sara W McBride","Janet Chow","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","saramcbride","janetchow","sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2012/7/31",journal:"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",volume:"109",issue:"31",pages:"12776-12781",publisher:"PNAS",description:"Increasing evidence highlights a role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as immune dysregulation is observed in the brain, periphery, and gastrointestinal tract of ASD individuals. Furthermore, maternal infection (maternal immune activation, MIA) is a risk factor for ASD. Modeling this risk factor in mice yields offspring with the cardinal behavioral and neuropathological symptoms of human ASD. In this study, we find that offspring of immune-activated mothers display altered immune profiles and function, characterized by a systemic deficit in CD4+ TCRβ+ Foxp3+ CD25+ T regulatory cells, increased IL-6 and IL-17 production by CD4+ T cells, and elevated levels of peripheral Gr-1+ cells. In addition, hematopoietic stem cells from MIA offspring exhibit altered myeloid lineage potential and differentiation. Interestingly, repopulating irradiated control mice with bone marrow…",total_citations:421,areas:{m:1,d:1,g:1}},{title:"Maternal immune activation causes age-and region-specific changes in brain cytokines in offspring throughout development",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3529133/",authors:["Paula A Garay","Elaine Y Hsiao","Paul H Patterson","A Kimberley McAllister"],authors_slugs:["paulagaray","elainehsiao","paulpatterson","amcallister"],publication_date:"2013/7/1",journal:"Brain, behavior, and immunity",volume:"31",pages:"54-68",publisher:"Brain Behav Immun",description:"Maternal infection is a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Indeed, modeling this risk factor in mice through maternal immune activation (MIA) causes ASD- and SZ-like neuropathologies and behaviors in the offspring. Although MIA upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines in the fetal brain, whether MIA leads to long-lasting changes in brain cytokines during postnatal development remains unknown. Here, we tested this possibility by measuring protein levels of 23 cytokines in the blood and three brain regions from offspring of poly(I:C)- and saline-injected mice at five postnatal ages using multiplex arrays. Most cytokines examined are present in sera and brains throughout development. MIA induces changes in the levels of many cytokines in the brains and sera of offspring in a region- and age-specific manner. These MIA-induced changes follow a few, unexpected and distinct&nbsp;…",total_citations:416,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Signaling inflammation across the gut-brain axis",paperURL:null,notes:[{author_slug:"gulistanagirman",note:'<p>Excited to see that our review is out for Thanksgiving&nbsp;🥳&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/ScienceMagazine">@ScienceMagazine</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/pipethero">@pipethero</a></p>'}],authors:["Gulistan Agirman","Kristie B Yu","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["gulistanagirman","kristieyu","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2021/11/26",source:"Science",volume:"374",issue:"6571",pages:"1087-1092",publisher:"American Association for the Advancement of Science",description:"The brain and gastrointestinal tract are critical sensory organs responsible for detecting, relaying, integrating, and responding to signals derived from the internal and external environment. At the interface of this sensory function, immune cells in the intestines and brain consistently survey environmental factors, eliciting responses that inform on the physiological state of the body. Recent research reveals that cross-talk along the gut-brain axis regulates inflammatory nociception, inflammatory responses, and immune homeostasis. Here, we discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the signaling of inflammation across the gut-brain axis. We further highlight interactions between the gut and the brain in inflammation-associated diseases.",total_citations:392,areas:{s:1,d:1,g:1}},{title:"The maternal microbiome modulates fetal neurodevelopment in mice",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7554197/",authors:["Helen E Vuong","Geoffrey N Pronovost","Drake W Williams","Elena JL Coley","Emily L Siegler","Austin Qiu","Maria Kazantsev","Chantel J Wilson","Tomiko Rendon","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["helenvuong","geoffpronovost","drakewilliams","elenacoley","emilysiegler","austinqiu","mariakazantsev","chantelwilson","tomikorendon","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2020/10/8",journal:"Nature",volume:"586",issue:"7828",pages:"281-286",publisher:"Nature",description:"‘Dysbiosis’ of the maternal gut microbiome, in response to challenges such as infection, altered diet and stress during pregnancy, has been increasingly associated with abnormalities in brain function and behaviour of the&nbsp;offspring. However, it is unclear whether the maternal gut microbiome influences neurodevelopment during critical prenatal periods and in the absence of environmental challenges. Here we investigate how depletion and selective reconstitution of the maternal gut microbiome influences fetal neurodevelopment in mice. Embryos from antibiotic-treated and germ-free dams exhibited reduced brain&nbsp;expression of genes related to axonogenesis, deficient thalamocortical axons and impaired outgrowth of thalamic axons in response to cell-extrinsic factors. Gnotobiotic colonization of microbiome-depleted dams with a limited consortium of bacteria prevented abnormalities in fetal brain gene expression…",total_citations:369,areas:{m:1}},{title:"Intestinal serotonin and fluoxetine exposure modulate bacterial colonization in the gut",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6879823/",authors:["Thomas C Fung","Helen E Vuong","Cristopher DG Luna","Geoffrey N Pronovost","Antoniya A Aleksandrova","Noah G Riley","Anastasia Vavilina","Julianne McGinn","Tomiko Rendon","Lucy R Forrest","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["thomasfung","helenvuong","cristopherluna","geoffpronovost","antoniyaaleksandrova","noahriley","anastasiavavilina","juliannemcginn","tomikorendon","lucyforrest","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2019/12",journal:"Nature microbiology",volume:"4",issue:"12",pages:"2064-2073",publisher:"Nature Microbiology",description:"The gut microbiota regulates levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) in the intestinal epithelium and lumen, , , –. However, whether 5-HT plays a functional role in bacteria from the gut microbiota remains unknown. We demonstrate that elevating levels of intestinal lumenal 5-HT by oral supplementation or genetic deficiency in the host 5-HT transporter (SERT) increases the relative abundance of spore-forming members of the gut microbiota, which were previously reported to promote host 5-HT biosynthesis. Within this microbial community, we identify Turicibacter sanguinis as a gut bacterium that expresses a neurotransmitter sodium symporter-related protein with sequence and structural homology to mammalian SERT. T. sanguinis imports 5-HT through a mechanism that is inhibited by the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. 5-HT reduces the expression of sporulation factors and membrane…",total_citations:361,areas:{s:1}},{title:"Differences in gut microbial composition correlate with regional brain volumes in irritable bowel syndrome",paperURL:"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40168-017-0260-z",authors:["Jennifer S Labus","Emily B Hollister","Jonathan Jacobs","Kyleigh Kirbach","Numan Oezguen","Arpana Gupta","Jonathan Acosta","Ruth Ann Luna","Kjersti Aagaard","James Versalovic","Tor Savidge","Elaine Hsiao","Kirsten Tillisch","Emeran A Mayer"],authors_slugs:["jenniferlabus","emilyhollister","jonathanjacobs","kyleighkirbach","numanoezguen","arpanagupta","jonathanacosta","ruthluna","kjerstiaagaard","jamesversalovic","torsavidge","elainehsiao","kirstentillisch","emeranmayer"],publication_date:"2017/12",journal:"Microbiome",volume:"5",pages:"1-17",publisher:"Microbiome",description:"Preclinical and clinical evidence supports the concept of bidirectional brain-gut microbiome interactions. We aimed to determine if subgroups of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subjects can be identified based on differences in gut microbial composition, and if there are correlations between gut microbial measures and structural brain signatures in IBS.",total_citations:285,areas:{g:1}},{title:"Gastrointestinal issues in autism spectrum disorder",paperURL:"https://2022.hsiao.science/static/pdf/Gastrointestinal_Issues_in_Autism_Spectrum.5.pdf",authors:["Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2014/3/1",source:"Harvard review of psychiatry",volume:"22",issue:"2",pages:"104-111",publisher:"LWW",description:"While autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by communication impairments, social abnormalities, and stereotypic behaviors, several medical comorbidities are observed in autistic individuals. Of these, gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities are of particular interest given their reported prevalence and correlation with the severity of core autism-related behavioral abnormalities. This review discusses the GI pathologies seen in ASD individuals and the association of particular GI conditions with known genetic and environmental risk factors for autism. It further addresses how GI abnormalities can affect the neuropathological and behavioral features of ASD, as well as the development of autism-related endophenotypes such as immune dysregulation, hyperserotonemia, and metabolic dysfunction. Finally, it presents emerging evidence for a gut-brain connection in autism, wherein GI dysfunction may contribute to…",total_citations:273,areas:{m:1,d:1,g:1}},{title:"The placental interleukin-6 signaling controls fetal brain development and behavior",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373986/",authors:["Wei-Li Wu","Elaine Y Hsiao","Zihao Yan","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["wei-liwu","elainehsiao","zihaoyan","sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2017/5/1",journal:"Brain, behavior, and immunity",volume:"62",pages:"11-23",publisher:"Brain Behav Immun",description:"Epidemiological studies show that maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy is a risk factor for autism. However, mechanisms for how MIA affects brain development and behaviors in offspring remain poorly described. To determine whether placental interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling is required for mediating MIA on the offspring, we generated mice with restricted deletion of the receptor for IL-6 (IL-6Rα) in placental trophoblasts (Cyp19-Cre+;Il6rafl/fl), and tested offspring of Cyp19-Cre+;Il6rafl/fl mothers for immunological, pathological and behavioral abnormalities following induction of MIA. We reveal that MIA results in acute inflammatory responses in the fetal brain. Lack of IL-6 signaling in trophoblasts effectively blocks MIA-induced inflammatory responses in the placenta and the fetal brain. Furthermore, behavioral abnormalities and cerebellar neuropathologies observed in MIA control offspring are prevented…",total_citations:249,areas:{m:1,s:1,d:1}},{title:"Microbiomes as sources of emergent host phenotypes",paperURL:"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay0240",authors:["Jonathan B Lynch","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["jonathanlynch","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2019/9/27",source:"Science",volume:"365",issue:"6460",pages:"1405-1409",publisher:"American Association for the Advancement of Science",description:"Microbial communities associated with animals exert powerful influences on host physiology, regulating metabolism and immune function, as well as complex host behaviors. The importance of host–microbiome interactions for maintaining homeostasis and promoting health raises evolutionarily complicated questions about how animals and their microbiomes have coevolved, and how these relationships affect the ways that animals interact with their environment. Here, we review the literature on the contributions of host factors to microbial community structure and corresponding influences of microbiomes on emergent host phenotypes. We focus in particular on animal behaviors as a basis for understanding potential roles for the microbiome in shaping host neurobiology.",total_citations:243,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Maternal immune activation: reporting guidelines to improve the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency of the model",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300528/",authors:["Amanda C Kentner","Staci D Bilbo","Alan S Brown","Elaine Y Hsiao","A Kimberley McAllister","Urs Meyer","Brad D Pearce","Mikhail V Pletnikov","Robert H Yolken","Melissa D Bauman"],authors_slugs:["amandakentner","stacibilbo","alanbrown","elainehsiao","amcallister","ursmeyer","bradpearce","mikhailpletnikov","robertyolken","melissabauman"],publication_date:"2019/1",source:"Neuropsychopharmacology",volume:"44",issue:"2",pages:"245-258",publisher:"Neuropsychopharmacology",description:"The 2017 American College of Neuropychopharmacology (ACNP) conference hosted a Study Group on 4 December 2017, Establishing best practice guidelines to improve the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency of the maternal immune activation (MIA) animal model of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The goals of this session were to (a) evaluate the current literature and establish a consensus on best practices to be implemented in MIA studies, (b) identify remaining research gaps warranting additional data collection and lend to the development of evidence-based best practice design, and (c) inform the MIA research community of these findings. During this session, there was a detailed discussion on the importance of validating immunogen doses and standardizing the general design (e.g., species, immunogenic compound used, housing) of our MIA models both within and across laboratories. The…",total_citations:241,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Placental regulation of maternal‐fetal interactions and brain development",paperURL:"https://hsiao.science/static/pdf/7_EYH_Dev_Neuro_12.pdf",authors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2012/10",source:"Developmental neurobiology",volume:"72",issue:"10",pages:"1317-1326",publisher:"Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company",description:"A variety prenatal insults are associated with the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia, autism and cerebral palsy. While the precise mechanisms underlying how transient gestational challenges can lead to later life dysfunctions are largely unknown, the placenta is likely to play a key role. The literal interface between maternal and fetal cells resides in the placenta, and disruptions to the maternal or intrauterine environment are necessarily conveyed to the developing embryo via the placenta. Placental cells bear the responsibility of promoting maternal tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus and regulating selective permeability of nutrients, gases, and antibodies, while still providing physiological protection of the embryo from adversity. The placenta's critical role in modulating immune protection and the availability of nutrients and endocrine factors to the offspring implicates its…",total_citations:238,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Effects of maternal immune activation on gene expression patterns in the fetal brain",paperURL:"https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201224",authors:["Krassimira A Garbett","Elaine Y Hsiao","Sára Kálmán","Paul H Patterson","Károly Mirnics"],authors_slugs:["krassimiragarbett","elainehsiao","sarakalman","paulpatterson","karolymirnics"],publication_date:"2012/4",journal:"Translational psychiatry",volume:"2",issue:"4",pages:"e98-e98",publisher:"Translational Psychiatry",description:"We are exploring the mechanisms underlying how maternal infection increases the risk for schizophrenia and autism in the offspring. Several mouse models of maternal immune activation (MIA) were used to examine the immediate effects of MIA induced by influenza virus, poly (I: C) and interleukin IL-6 on the fetal brain transcriptome. Our results indicate that all three MIA treatments lead to strong and common gene expression changes in the embryonic brain. Most notably, there is an acute and transient upregulation of the α, β and γ crystallin gene family. Furthermore, levels of crystallin gene expression are correlated with the severity of MIA as assessed by placental weight. The overall gene expression changes suggest that the response to MIA is a neuroprotective attempt by the developing brain to counteract environmental stress, but at a cost of disrupting typical neuronal differentiation and axonal growth. We…",total_citations:190,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"The microbiome as a modifier of neurodegenerative disease risk",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128(20)30349-8",authors:["Ping Fang","SA Kazmi","Kelly Jameson","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["pingfang","sakazmi","kellyjameson","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2020/8/12",source:"Cell Host & Microbe",volume:"28",issue:"2",pages:"201-222",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"The gut microbiome is increasingly implicated in modifying susceptibility to and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In this review, we discuss roles for the microbiome in aging and in NDs. In particular, we summarize findings from human studies on microbiome alterations in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. We assess animal studies of genetic and environmental models for NDs that investigate how manipulations of the microbiome causally impact the development of behavioral and neuropathological endophenotypes of disease. We additionally evaluate the likely immunological, neuronal, and metabolic mechanisms for how the gut microbiota may modulate risk for NDs. Finally, we speculate on cross-cutting features for microbial influences across multiple NDs and consider the potential for microbiome-targeted interventions for NDs.",total_citations:184,areas:{d:1,g:1}},{title:"The gut microbiota mediates reward and sensory responses associated with regimen-selective morphine dependence",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6224506/",authors:["Kevin Lee","Helen E Vuong","David J Nusbaum","Elaine Y Hsiao","Christopher J Evans","Anna MW Taylor"],authors_slugs:["kevinlee","helenvuong","davidnusbaum","elainehsiao","christopherevans","annataylor"],publication_date:"2018/12",journal:"Neuropsychopharmacology",volume:"43",issue:"13",pages:"2606-2614",publisher:"Neuropsychopharmacology",description:"Opioid use for long-term pain management is limited by adverse side effects, such as hyperalgesia and negative affect. Neuroinflammation in the brain and spinal cord is a contributing factor to the development of symptoms associated with chronic opioid use. Recent studies have described a link between neuroinflammation and behavior that is mediated by a gut–brain signaling axis, where alterations in indigenous gut bacteria contribute to several inflammation-related psychopathologies. As opioid receptors are highly expressed within the digestive tract and opioids influence gut motility, we hypothesized that systemic opioid treatment will impact the composition of the gut microbiota. Here, we explored how opioid treatments, and cessation, impacts the mouse gut microbiome and whether opioid-induced changes in the gut microbiota influences inflammation-driven hyperalgesia and impaired reward behavior…",total_citations:168,areas:{s:1}},{title:"Maternal immune activation alters nonspatial information processing in the hippocampus of the adult offspring",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897971/",authors:["Hiroshi T Ito","Stephen EP Smith","Elaine Hsiao","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["hiroshiito","stephensmith","elainehsiao","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2010/8/1",journal:"Brain, behavior, and immunity",volume:"24",issue:"6",pages:"930-941",publisher:"Brain Behav Immun",description:"The observation that maternal infection increases the risk for schizophrenia in the offspring suggests that the maternal immune system plays a key role in the etiology of schizophrenia. In a mouse model, maternal immune activation (MIA) by injection of poly(I:C) yields adult offspring that display abnormalities in a variety of behaviors relevant to schizophrenia. As abnormalities in the hippocampus are a consistent observation in schizophrenia patients, we examined synaptic properties in hippocampal slices prepared from the offspring of poly(I:C)- and saline-treated mothers. Compared to controls, CA1 pyramidal neurons from adult offspring of MIA mothers display reduced frequency and increased amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. In addition, the specific component of the temporoammonic pathway that mediates object-related information displays increased sensitivity to dopamine. To assess&nbsp;…",total_citations:158,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Autism spectrum disorders",paperURL:"https://www.academia.edu/download/32217292/Grinker_Yeargin_Allsopp_Boyle_2011_Culture___Autism_Spectrum_Disorders.pdf",authors:["David Amaral","Daniel Geschwind","Geraldine Dawson"],authors_slugs:["davidamaral","danielgeschwind","geraldinedawson"],publication_date:"2011/5/1",publisher:"Oxford University Press",description:`Autism is an emerging area of basic and clinical research, and has only recently been recognized as a major topic in biomedical research. Approximately 1 in 150 children are diagnosed as autistic, so it is also an intense growth area in behavioral and educational treatments. Financial resources have begun to be raised for more comprehensive research and an increasing number of scientists are becoming involved in autism research. In many respects, autism has become a model for conducting translational research on a psychiatric disorder. This text provides a comprehensive summary of all current knowledge related to the behavioral, experiential, and biomedical features of the autism spectrum disorders including major behavioral and cognitive syndromology, common co-morbid conditions, neuropathology, neuroimmunology, and other neurological correlates such as seizures, allergy and immunology, gastroenterology, infectious disease, and epidemiology. Edited by three leading researchers, this volume contains over 80 chapters and nine shorter commentaries by thought leaders in the field, making the book a virtual" who's who" of autism research. This carefully developed book is a comprehensive and authoritative reference for what we know in this area as well as a guidepost for the next several years in all areas of autism research.`,total_citations:153,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Perinatal interactions between the microbiome, immunity, and neurodevelopment",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(18)30524-7",authors:["Geoffrey N Pronovost","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["geoffpronovost","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2019/1/15",source:"Immunity",volume:"50",issue:"1",pages:"18-36",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"The microbiome modulates host immune function across the gastrointestinal tract, peripheral lymphoid organs, and central nervous system. In this review, we highlight emerging evidence that microbial effects on select immune phenotypes arise developmentally, where the maternal and neonatal microbiome influence immune cell ontogeny in the offspring during gestation and early postnatal life. We further discuss roles for the perinatal microbiome and early-life immunity in regulating normal neurodevelopmental processes. In addition, we examine evidence that abnormalities in microbiota-neuroimmune interactions during early life are associated with altered risk of neurological disorders in humans. Finally, we conclude by evaluating the potential implications of microbiota-immune interventions for neurological conditions. Continued progress toward dissecting mechanistic interactions between the perinatal…",total_citations:131,areas:{m:1,d:1,g:1}},{title:"SnapShot: The microbiota-gut-brain axis",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(21)00350-0.pdf?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867421003500%3Fshowall%3Dtrue",authors:["Gulistan Agirman","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["gulistanagirman","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2021/4/29",journal:"Cell",volume:"184",issue:"9",pages:"2524-2524. e1",publisher:"Elsevier",description:'Animals have co-evolved with a vast diversity of microorganisms, collectively named the microbiome, which are important modulators of host gastrointestinal, immune, metabolic, and behavioral functions. In this SnapShot, we provide an overview of the neurodevelopmental and functional influence of host-microbial interactions in the "microbiota-gut-brain axis," which refers to the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal microbiome. To view this SnapShot, open or download the PDF.',total_citations:126,areas:{d:1,g:1}},{title:"Emerging roles for the intestinal microbiome in epilepsy",paperURL:"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096999611930244X",authors:["Greg R Lum","Christine A Olson","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["greglum","christineolson","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2020/2/1",source:"Neurobiology of Disease",volume:"135",pages:"104576",publisher:"Academic Press",description:"The gut microbiome is emerging as a key regulator of brain function and behavior and is associated with symptoms of several neurological disorders. There is emerging evidence that alterations in the gut microbiota are seen in epilepsy and in response to seizure interventions. In this review, we highlight recent studies reporting that individuals with refractory epilepsy exhibit altered composition of the gut microbiota. We further discuss antibiotic treatment and infection as microbiome-related factors that influence seizure susceptibility in humans and animal models. In addition, we evaluate how the microbiome may mediate effects of the ketogenic diet, probiotic treatment, and anti-epileptic drugs on reducing both seizure frequency and severity. Finally, we assess the open questions in interrogating roles for the microbiome in epilepsy and address the prospect that continued research may uncover fundamental insights…",total_citations:116,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Toward understanding microbiome-neuronal signaling",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/fulltext/S1097-2765(20)30154-4",authors:["Kelly G Jameson","Christine A Olson","Sabeen A Kazmi","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["kellyjameson","christineolson","sabeenkazmi","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2020/5/21",source:"Molecular cell",volume:"78",issue:"4",pages:"577-583",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"Host-associated microbiomes are emerging as important modifiers of brain activity and behavior. Metabolic, immune, and neuronal pathways are proposed to mediate communication across the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, strong mechanistic evidence, especially for direct signaling between microbes and sensory neurons, is lacking. Here, we discuss microbial regulation of short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, as-yet-uncharacterized biochemicals, and derivatives of neuromodulatory drugs as important areas for assessing microbial interactions with the nervous system.",total_citations:113,areas:{s:1,d:1,g:1}},{title:"Evidence for an association of gut microbial Clostridia with brain functional connectivity and gastrointestinal sensorimotor function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, based on tripartite network analysis",paperURL:"https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0656-z",authors:["Jennifer S Labus","Vadim Osadchiy","Elaine Y Hsiao","Julien Tap","Muriel Derrien","Arpana Gupta","Kirsten Tillisch","Boris Le Nevé","Cecilia Grinsvall","Maria Ljungberg","Lena Öhman","Hans Törnblom","Magnus Simren","Emeran A Mayer"],authors_slugs:["jenniferlabus","vadimosadchiy","elainehsiao","julientap","murielderrien","arpanagupta","kirstentillisch","borisneve","ceciliagrinsvall","marialjungberg","lenaohman","hanstornblom","magnussimren","emeranmayer"],publication_date:"2019/12",journal:"Microbiome",volume:"7",pages:"1-15",publisher:"Microbiome",description:"Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that interactions among the brain, gut, and microbiota may affect the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). As disruptions in central and peripheral serotonergic signaling pathways have been found in patients with IBS, we explored the hypothesis that the abundance of serotonin-modulating microbes of the order Clostridiales is associated with functional connectivity of somatosensory brain regions and gastrointestinal (GI) sensorimotor function.",total_citations:110,areas:{s:1,g:1}},{title:"Correlation of tryptophan metabolites with connectivity of extended central reward network in healthy subjects",paperURL:"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201772",authors:["Vadim Osadchiy","Jennifer S Labus","Arpana Gupta","Jonathan Jacobs","Cody Ashe-McNalley","Elaine Y Hsiao","Emeran A Mayer"],authors_slugs:["vadimosadchiy","jenniferlabus","arpanagupta","jonathanjacobs","codyashe-mcnalley","elainehsiao","emeranmayer"],publication_date:"2018/8/6",journal:"PloS one",volume:"13",issue:"8",pages:"e0201772",publisher:"PLOS",description:"A growing body of preclinical and clinical literature suggests that brain-gut-microbiota interactions play an important role in human health and disease, including hedonic food intake and obesity. We performed a tripartite network analysis based on graph theory to test the hypothesis that microbiota-derived fecal metabolites are associated with connectivity of key regions of the brain’s extended reward network and clinical measures related to obesity.",total_citations:109,areas:{}},{title:"Immune dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder",paperURL:"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24290389/",authors:["Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2013/1/1",source:"International review of neurobiology",volume:"113",pages:"269-302",publisher:"Academic Press",description:"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder diagnosed based on the presence and severity of core abnormalities in social communication and repetitive behavior, yet several studies converge on immune dysregulation as a feature of ASD. Widespread alterations in immune molecules and responses are seen in the brains and periphery of ASD individuals, and early life immune disruptions are associated with ASD. This chapter discusses immune-related environmental and genetic risk factors for ASD, emphasizing population-wide studies and animal research that reveal potential mechanistic pathways involved in the development of ASD-related symptoms. It further reviews immunologic pathologies seen in ASD individuals and how such abnormalities can impact neurodevelopment and behavior. Finally, it evaluates emerging evidence for an immune contribution to the pathogenesis of ASD…",total_citations:106,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/dd/e8/77/30d3e8b9e15641/US10220089.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Hsiao","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson","Sara McBride"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson","saramcbride"],publication_date:"2019/3/5",patent_office:"US",patent_number:"10220089",application_number:"14012769",description:"Disclosed herein are compositions, systems, and methods for diagnosing and treatment of subjects suffering from anxiety, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or a pathological condition with one or more of the symptoms of ASD.",total_citations:103,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Probiotic therapies for autism",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/41/d1/cd/3e6e81bd6b9b4d/US9452189.pdf",inventors:["Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson","Janet Chow","Elaine Hsiao","Sara McBride"],authors_slugs:["sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson","janetchow","elainehsiao","saramcbride"],publication_date:"2016/9/27",patent_office:"US",patent_number:"9452189",application_number:"13267748",description:"Provided is a method and a composition for improving behavioral performance in an individual comprising identifying an individual in need of treatment, and providing such an individual a composition comprising bacteria within the genus Bacteroides.",total_citations:93,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Linking the gut microbiota to a brain neurotransmitter",paperURL:"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166223618300869",authors:["Kelly G Jameson","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["kellyjameson","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2018/7/1",source:"Trends in Neurosciences",volume:"41",issue:"7",pages:"413-414",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"The past decade has yielded substantial evidence that the gut microbiome modulates brain function, including for instance behaviors relevant to anxiety and depression, pointing to a need to identify the biological pathways involved. In 2013 Clarke and colleagues reported that the early-life microbiome regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner, findings that opened up numerous lines of inquiry on the effects of the microbiome on neurodevelopment and behavior.",total_citations:78,areas:{}},{title:"Alterations in the gut microbiota contribute to cognitive impairment induced by the ketogenic diet and hypoxia",paperURL:"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358434/",notes:[{author_slug:"elainehsiao",note:`<p>Excited to share this work by <a href="https://twitter.com/cao_bio">@cao_bio</a> and colleagues <a href="https://twitter.com/PingFan78765311">@PingFan78765311</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/geoffpronovost">@geoffpronovost </a>-- a fascinating example of how environmental factors interact synergistically to alter the gut microbiome and impair hippocampal function and cognitive behavior in mice. Short&nbsp;🧵:</p><p>The ketogenic diet is widely used to treat refractory epilepsy and is increasingly being explored for other neurological and neurodegenerative disorders as well. But the results for other conditions seem to vary widely.</p><p>We<a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)30520-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867418305208%3Fshowall%3Dtrue"> previously found</a> that changes in the gut microbiome mediate the anti-seizure effects of the diet in mouse models of epilepsy, which led us to think about the context-specificity of our findings.</p><p>For example, if the ketogenic diet (+ associated  microbiome) can be beneficial for treating seizures in epilepsy, how would they impact cognitive ability in people that don’t have epilepsy? 🤔</p><p>To test this, Dr. Christine Olson + colleagues induced cognitive impairment in mice by subjecting them to acute intermittent hypoxia, and tested the effects of keto vs. control diet on their learning &amp; memory behavior.</p><p>The first really interesting finding was that the ketogenic diet alone had no impact on cognitive behavior, but when combined with the hypoxic stressor, it actually worsened behavior in the learning and memory task.</p><p>If mice were first depleted of the microbiome or raised with no microbiome, the ketogenic diet no longer worsened the effects of hypoxia on behavior. In contrast, transplanting the microbiota into new mice made them perform more poorly in the learning and memory task.</p><p>Mice with poor behavior &amp;  mice transplanted with their microbiomes had &gt;1000X higher Bilophila, with sequences best matching Bilophila wadsworthia. Colonizing mice with B. wadsworthia alone impaired their cognitive behavior.</p><p>Big thanks to <a href="https://twitter.com/Suzanne_Devkota">@Suzanne_Devkota</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/ConnieWYHa">@ConnieWYHa </a>for teaching us almost everything we know about B. wadsworthia. <a href="https://twitter.com/Suzanne_Devkota">@Suzanne_Devkota</a>'s <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11225">prior work </a>showed that high fat diets increase B. wadsworthia via taurocholic acid &amp; that B. wadsworthia induces Th1 cells.</p><p>Following this, <a href="https://twitter.com/cao_bio">@cao_bio</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/geoffpronovost">@geoffpronovost</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/PingFan78765311">@PingFan78765311</a> saw that mice with poor cognitive behavior had higher levels of gut IFNg+ Th1 cells. Raising mice with no Th1 cells prevented the negative effects of B. wadsworthia (&amp; keto diet + hypoxia) on behavior.</p><p><a href="https://twitter.com/cao_bio">@cao_bio </a>saw that poor behavior in mice exposed to keto diet + hypoxia or colonized with B. wadsworthia alone tracked with decreased hippocampal LTP (+ altered gene expression). So, we think that keto+hypoxia -&gt; Bilophila -&gt; Th1 cells -&gt; IFNg -&gt; hippocampus -&gt; behavior.</p>`}],authors:["Christine A Olson","Alonso J Iñiguez","Grace E Yang","Ping Fang","Geoffrey N Pronovost","Kelly G Jameson","Tomiko K Rendon","Jorge Paramo","Jacob T Barlow","Rustem F Ismagilov","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["christineolson","alonsoiniguez","graceyang","pingfang","geoffpronovost","kellyjameson","tomikorendon","jorgeparamo","jacobbarlow","rustemismagilov","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2021/9/8",journal:"Cell Host & Microbe",volume:"29",issue:"9",pages:"1378-1392. e6",publisher:"Cell Host & Microbe",description:"Many genetic and environmental factors increase susceptibility to cognitive impairment (CI), and the gut microbiome is increasingly implicated. However, the identity of gut microbes associated with CI risk, their effects on CI, and their mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that a carbohydrate-restricted (ketogenic) diet potentiates CI induced by intermittent hypoxia in mice and alters the gut microbiota. Depleting the microbiome reduces CI, whereas transplantation of the risk-associated microbiome or monocolonization with Bilophila wadsworthia confers CI in mice fed a standard diet. B.&nbsp;wadsworthia and the risk-associated microbiome disrupt hippocampal synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and gene expression. The CI is associated with microbiome-dependent increases in intestinal interferon-gamma (IFNg)-producing Th1 cells. Inhibiting Th1 cell development abrogates the adverse effects of both B…",total_citations:77,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Gut microbiota Turicibacter strains differentially modify bile acids and host lipids",paperURL:"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39403-7",authors:["Jonathan B Lynch","Erika L Gonzalez","Kayli Choy","Kym F Faull","Talia Jewell","Abelardo Arellano","Jennifer Liang","Kristie B Yu","Jorge Paramo","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["jonathanlynch","erikagonzalez","kaylichoy","kymfaull","taliajewell","abelardoarellano","jenniferliang","kristieyu","jorgeparamo","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2023/6/20",journal:"Nature communications",volume:"14",issue:"1",pages:"3669",publisher:"Nature Publishing Group UK",description:"Bacteria from the Turicibacter genus are prominent members of the mammalian gut microbiota and correlate with alterations in dietary fat and body weight, but the specific connections between these symbionts and host physiology are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we characterize a diverse set of mouse- and human-derived Turicibacter isolates, and find they group into clades that differ in their&nbsp;transformations&nbsp;of specific bile acids. We identify Turicibacter bile salt hydrolases that confer strain-specific differences in bile deconjugation. Using male and female gnotobiotic mice, we find colonization with individual Turicibacter strains leads to changes in host bile acid profiles, generally aligning with those produced in vitro. Further, colonizing mice with another bacterium exogenously expressing bile-modifying genes from Turicibacter strains decreases serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and adipose…",total_citations:67,areas:{g:1}},{title:"Gut microbial taxa elevated by dietary sugar disrupt memory function",paperURL:"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-021-01309-7",authors:["Emily E Noble","Christine A Olson","Elizabeth Davis","Linda Tsan","Yen-Wei Chen","Ruth Schade","Clarissa Liu","Andrea Suarez","Roshonda B Jones","Claire de La Serre","Xia Yang","Elaine Y Hsiao","Scott E Kanoski"],authors_slugs:["emilynoble","christineolson","elizabethdavis","lindatsan","yen-weichen","ruthschade","clarissaliu","andreasuarez","roshondajones","claireserre","xiayang","elainehsiao","scottkanoski"],publication_date:"2021/3/31",journal:"Translational Psychiatry",volume:"11",issue:"1",pages:"194",publisher:"Neuropsychopharmacology",description:"Emerging evidence highlights a critical relationship between gut microbiota and neurocognitive development. Excessive consumption of sugar and other unhealthy dietary factors during early life developmental periods yields changes in the gut microbiome as well as neurocognitive impairments. However, it is unclear whether these two outcomes are functionally connected. Here we explore whether excessive early life consumption of added sugars negatively impacts memory function via the gut microbiome. Rats were given free access to a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) during the adolescent stage of development. Memory function and anxiety-like behavior were assessed during adulthood and gut bacterial and brain transcriptome analyses were conducted. Taxa-specific microbial enrichment experiments examined the functional relationship between sugar-induced microbiome changes and neurocognitive…",total_citations:64,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Environmental chemicals, the human microbiome, and health risk: a research strategy",paperURL:null,authors:["National Academies of Sciences","Division on Earth","Life Studies","Board on Life Sciences","Board on Environmental Studies","Committee on Advancing Understanding of the Implications of Environmental-Chemical Interactions with the Human Microbiome"],authors_slugs:["nationalsciences","divisionearth","lifestudies","boardsciences","boardstudies","committeemicrobiome"],publication_date:"2018/3/1",publisher:"National Academies Press",description:'A great number of diverse microorganisms inhabit the human body and are collectively referred to as the human microbiome. Until recently, the role of the human microbiome in maintaining human health was not fully appreciated. Today, however, research is beginning to elucidate associations between perturbations in the human microbiome and human disease and the factors that might be responsible for the perturbations. Studies have indicated that the human microbiome could be affected by environmental chemicals or could modulate exposure to environmental chemicals. Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk presents a research strategy to improve our understanding of the interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome and the implications of those interactions for human health risk. This report identifies barriers to such research and opportunities for collaboration, highlights key aspects of the human microbiome and its relation to health, describes potential interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome, reviews the risk-assessment framework and reasons for incorporating chemicalâ€" microbiome interactions.',total_citations:63,areas:{}},{title:"Roles for the gut microbiota in regulating neuronal feeding circuits",paperURL:"https://www.jci.org/articles/view/143772",notes:[{author_slug:"elainehsiao",note:"<p>Kristie Yu did a deep dive on literature linking the gut microbiota to feeding behavior -- exciting foundational work, with much more to do in this area!</p>"}],authors:["Kristie Yu","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["kristieyu","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2021/5/17",source:"The Journal of clinical investigation",volume:"131",issue:"10",publisher:"American Society for Clinical Investigation",description:"The gut microbiota has the capacity to affect host appetite via intestinal satiety pathways, as well as complex feeding behaviors. In this Review, we highlight recent evidence that the gut microbiota can modulate food preference across model organisms. We discuss effects of the gut microbiota on the vagus nerve and brain regions including the hypothalamus, mesolimbic system, and prefrontal cortex, which play key roles in regulating feeding behavior. Crosstalk between commensal bacteria and the central and peripheral nervous systems is associated with alterations in signaling of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides such as dopamine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). We further consider areas for future research on mechanisms by which gut microbes may influence feeding behavior involving these neural pathways. Understanding roles for the gut microbiota in…",total_citations:43,areas:{s:1}},{title:"Early life adversity predicts brain-gut alterations associated with increased stress and mood",paperURL:"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352289521000564",authors:["Elena JL Coley","Emeran A Mayer","Vadim Osadchiy","Zixi Chen","Vishvak Subramanyam","Yurui Zhang","Elaine Y Hsiao","Kan Gao","Ravi Bhatt","Tien Dong","Priten Vora","Bruce Naliboff","Jonathan P Jacobs","Arpana Gupta"],authors_slugs:["elenacoley","emeranmayer","vadimosadchiy","zixichen","vishvaksubramanyam","yuruizhang","elainehsiao","kangao","ravibhatt","tiendong","pritenvora","brucenaliboff","jonathanjacobs","arpanagupta"],publication_date:"2021/11/1",journal:"Neurobiology of stress",volume:"15",pages:"100348",publisher:"Neurobiology of Stress",description:"Alterations in the brain-gut system have been implicated in various disease states, but little is known about how early-life adversity (ELA) impacts development and adult health as mediated by brain-gut interactions. We hypothesize that ELA disrupts components of the brain-gut system, thereby increasing susceptibility to disordered mood. In a sample of 128 healthy adult participants, a history of ELA and current stress, depression, and anxiety were assessed using validated questionnaires. Fecal metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic profiling. Functional brain connectivity was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis, controlling for sex, body mass index, age, and diet was used to predict brain-gut alterations as a function of ELA. ELA was correlated with four gut-regulated metabolites…",total_citations:41,areas:{}},{title:"The gut microbiome as a regulator of the neuroimmune landscape",paperURL:"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-014237",authors:["Lewis W Yu","Gulistan Agirman","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["lewisyu","gulistanagirman","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2022/4/26",source:"Annual review of immunology",volume:"40",issue:"1",pages:"143-167",publisher:"Annual Review of Immunology",description:"The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function, metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on the host are orchestrated by bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and immune system. Imbalances in this dialogue can lead to immune dysfunction and immune-mediated conditions in distal organs including the brain. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated neuroimmune responses are common comorbidities of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome–neuroimmune axis as a regulator of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in regulating the neuroimmune landscape in health and disease.",total_citations:36,areas:{d:1,g:1}},{title:"The gut and its microbiome as related to central nervous system functioning and psychological well-being: introduction to the special issue of psychosomatic medicine",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5924442/",authors:["Emeran A Mayer","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["emeranmayer","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2017/10/1",journal:"Psychosomatic medicine",volume:"79",issue:"8",pages:"844-846",publisher:"LWW",description:"Accumulating evidence indicates bidirectional associations between the brain and the gut microbiome with both top-down and bottom-up processes. This article describes new developments in brain-gut interactions as an introduction to a special issue of Psychosomatic Medicine, based on a joint symposium of the American Psychosomatic Society and the American Gastroenterological Association. Literature review articles indicate that several psychiatric disorders are associated with altered gut microbiota, whereas evidence linking functional gastrointestinal disorders and dysbiosis has not been firmly established. The association between dysbiosis with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus is still inconclusive, but evidence suggests that bariatric surgery may favorably alter the gut microbial community structure. Consistent with the literature linking psychiatric disorders with dysbiosis is that life…",total_citations:32,areas:{g:1}},{title:"Host genetic background and gut microbiota contribute to differential metabolic responses to fructose consumption in mice",paperURL:"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622023495",authors:["In Sook Ahn","Jennifer M Lang","Christine A Olson","Graciel Diamante","Guanglin Zhang","Zhe Ying","Hyae Ran Byun","Ingrid Cely","Jessica Ding","Peter Cohn","Ira Kurtz","Fernando Gomez-Pinilla","Aldons J Lusis","Elaine Y Hsiao","Xia Yang"],authors_slugs:["inahn","jenniferlang","christineolson","gracieldiamante","guanglinzhang","zheying","hyaebyun","ingridcely","jessicading","petercohn","irakurtz","fernandogomez-pinilla","aldonslusis","elainehsiao","xiayang"],publication_date:"2020/10/1",journal:"The Journal of nutrition",volume:"150",issue:"10",pages:"2716-2728",publisher:"The Journal of Nutrition",description:"It is unclear how high fructose consumption induces disparate metabolic responses in genetically diverse mouse strains.",total_citations:26,areas:{g:1}},{title:"Malnutrition and the microbiome as modifiers of early neurodevelopment",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/fulltext/S0166-2236(21)00116-8",notes:[{author_slug:"elainehsiao",note:"<p>Thrilled to see Elena Coley's labor of love shared with the community! Her review addresses a potential role of the gut microbiome in mediating effects of early life nutrition on neurodevelopment, especially in the context of the global prevalence of malnutrition.</p>"}],authors:["Elena JL Coley","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["elenacoley","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2021/9/1",source:"Trends in neurosciences",volume:"44",issue:"9",pages:"753-764",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"Malnutrition refers to a dearth, excess, or altered differential ratios of calories, macronutrients, or micronutrients. Malnutrition, particularly during early life, is a pressing global health and socioeconomic burden that is increasingly associated with neurodevelopmental impairments. Understanding how perinatal malnutrition influences brain development is crucial to uncovering fundamental mechanisms for establishing behavioral neurocircuits, with the potential to inform public policy and clinical interventions for neurodevelopmental conditions. Recent studies reveal that the gut microbiome can mediate dietary effects on host physiology and that the microbiome modulates the development and function of the nervous system. This review discusses evidence that perinatal malnutrition alters brain development and examines the maternal and neonatal microbiome as a potential contributing factor.",total_citations:25,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Defining dysbiosis in disorders of movement and motivation",paperURL:"https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/38/44/9414.full.pdf",authors:["Christopher T Fields","Timothy R Sampson","Annadora J Bruce-Keller","Drew D Kiraly","Elaine Y Hsiao","Geert J de Vries"],authors_slugs:["christopherfields","timothysampson","annadorabruce-keller","drewkiraly","elainehsiao","geertvries"],publication_date:"2018/10/31",source:"Journal of Neuroscience",volume:"38",issue:"44",pages:"9414-9422",publisher:"Society for Neuroscience",description:"The gut microbiota has emerged as a critical player in shaping and modulating brain function and has been shown to influence numerous behaviors, including anxiety and depression-like behaviors, sociability, and cognition. However, the effects of the gut microbiota on specific disorders associated with thalamo-cortico-basal ganglia circuits, ranging from compulsive behavior and addiction to altered sensation and motor output, are only recently being explored. Wholesale depletion and alteration of gut microbial communities in rodent models of disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, autism, and addiction, robustly affect movement and motivated behavior. A new frontier therefore lies in identifying specific microbial alterations that affect these behaviors and understanding the underlying mechanisms of action. Comparing alterations in gut microbiota across multiple basal-ganglia associated disease states allows for…",total_citations:25,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"A novel pathway for microbial metabolism of levodopa",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7004239/",authors:["Kelly Jameson","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["kellyjameson","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2019/8",journal:"Nature medicine",volume:"25",issue:"8",pages:"1195-1197",publisher:"Nature Medicine",description:"Particular bacteria from the gut microbiota metabolize levodopa (l-dopa), reducing bioavailability of the drug for treating Parkinson’s disease.",total_citations:23,areas:{d:1}},{title:"The maternal microbiome promotes placental development in mice",paperURL:"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.adk1887",authors:["Geoffrey N Pronovost","Kristie B Yu","Elena JL Coley-O’Rourke","Sahil S Telang","Angela S Chen","Helen E Vuong","Drake W Williams","Anisha Chandra","Tomiko K Rendon","Jorge Paramo","Reuben H Kim","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["geoffpronovost","kristieyu","elenacoley-orourke","sahiltelang","angelachen","helenvuong","drakewilliams","anishachandra","tomikorendon","jorgeparamo","reubenkim","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2023/10/6",journal:"Science Advances",volume:"9",issue:"40",pages:"eadk1887",publisher:"American Association for the Advancement of Science",description:"The maternal microbiome is an important regulator of gestational health, but how it affects the placenta as the interface between mother and fetus remains unexplored. Here, we show that the maternal gut microbiota supports placental development in mice. Depletion of the maternal gut microbiota restricts placental growth and impairs feto-placental vascularization. The maternal gut microbiota modulates metabolites in the maternal and fetal circulation. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) stimulate cultured endothelial cell tube formation and prevent abnormalities in placental vascularization in microbiota-deficient mice. Furthermore, in a model of maternal malnutrition, gestational supplementation with SCFAs prevents placental growth restriction and vascular insufficiency. These findings highlight the importance of host-microbial symbioses during pregnancy and reveal that the maternal gut microbiome promotes…",total_citations:22,areas:{m:1}},{title:"Indigenous microbiota protects against inflammation-induced osteonecrosis",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7243424/",authors:["DW Williams","Helen Vuong","S Kim","A Lenon","K Ho","Elaine Y Hsiao","EC Sung","RH Kim"],authors_slugs:["dwwilliams","helenvuong","skim","alenon","kho","elainehsiao","ecsung","rhkim"],publication_date:"2020/6",journal:"Journal of dental research",volume:"99",issue:"6",pages:"676-684",publisher:"Journal of Dental Research",description:"Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare intraoral lesion that occurs in patients undergoing long-term and/or high-dose therapy with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, a RANKL inhibitor, antiangiogenic agents, or mTOR inhibitors. The presence of pathogenic bacteria is highly associated with advanced stages of MRONJ lesions; however, the exact role of indigenous microbes in MRONJ development is unknown. Here, we report that the normal oral flora in mice protects against inflammation-induced osteonecrosis. In mice that developed osteonecrosis following tooth extraction, there was increased bacterial infiltration when compared with healed controls. Antibiotic-mediated oral dysbiosis led to a local inhibition of bone resorption in the presence of ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP). There was no significant difference in empty lacunae, necrotic bone formation, osteoclast number, and…",total_citations:22,areas:{}},{title:"Analysis of brain networks and fecal metabolites reveals brain–gut alterations in premenopausal females with irritable bowel syndrome",paperURL:"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-020-01071-2",authors:["Vadim Osadchiy","Emeran A Mayer","Kan Gao","Jennifer S Labus","Bruce Naliboff","Kirsten Tillisch","Lin Chang","Jonathan P Jacobs","Elaine Y Hsiao","Arpana Gupta"],authors_slugs:["vadimosadchiy","emeranmayer","kangao","jenniferlabus","brucenaliboff","kirstentillisch","linchang","jonathanjacobs","elainehsiao","arpanagupta"],publication_date:"2020/11/2",journal:"Translational psychiatry",volume:"10",issue:"1",pages:"367",publisher:"Translational Psychiatry",description:"Alterations in brain–gut–microbiome (BGM) interactions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Here, we apply a systems biology approach, leveraging neuroimaging and fecal metabolite data, to characterize BGM interactions that are driving IBS pathophysiology. Fecal samples and resting state fMRI images were obtained from 138 female subjects (99 IBS, 39 healthy controls (HCs)). Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was conducted to explore group differences, and partial correlation analysis explored significantly changed metabolites and neuroimaging data. All correlational tests were performed controlling for age, body mass index, and diet; results are reported after FDR correction, with q &lt; 0.05 as significant. Compared to HCs, IBS showed increased connectivity of the putamen with regions of the default mode and somatosensory networks. Metabolite…",total_citations:21,areas:{g:1}},{title:"Interactions between the gut microbiome and ketogenic diet in refractory epilepsy",paperURL:"https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/international-review-of-neurobiology/chapters-in-press",authors:["Ezgi Özcan","Greg R Lum","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["ezgiozcan","greglum","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2022/1/1",source:"International Review of Neurobiology",volume:"167",pages:"217-249",publisher:"International Review of Neurobiology",description:"Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases globally, afflicting approximately 50 million people worldwide. While many antiepileptic drugs exist, an estimated one-third of individuals do not respond to available medications. The high fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to treat refractory epilepsy in cases when existing antiepileptic drugs fail. However, there are many variations of the KD, each of which varies greatly in its efficacy and side effects. Increasing evidence suggests that interactions between the KD and gut microbiome may modulate the effects of the diet on host physiology. Herein, we review existing evidence of microbiome differences in epileptic individuals compared to healthy controls. We highlight in particular both clinical and animal studies revealing effects of the KD on the composition and function of the microbiome, as well as proof-of-concept animal studies that…",total_citations:14,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Compositions and methods comprising bacteria for improving behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/7e/3d/b7/471c18f537a2aa/US10124025.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Hsiao","Sara McBride","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","saramcbride","sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2018/11/13",patent_office:"US",patent_number:"10124025",application_number:"14925242",description:"Some embodiments include bacterial species for use in treatment of one or more autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and/or schizophrenia symptoms in a subject in need thereof. The bacterial species can include Bacteroides (eg, B. fragilis, B. thetaiomtaomicron, and/or B. vulgatus), and/or Enterococcus (eg, E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. avium, E. durans, E. gallinarum, or E. casseliflavus). Upon treatment, one or more ASD-related behaviors can be improved in the subject.",total_citations:13,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Activation of the maternal immune system as a risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders",paperURL:"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-60327-921-5_7",authors:["Stephen EP Smith","Elaine Hsiao","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["stephensmith","elainehsiao","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2010",journal:"Maternal Influences on Fetal Neurodevelopment: Clinical and Research Aspects",pages:"97-115",publisher:"Maternal Influences on Fetal Neurodevelopment",description:"Maternal infection can alter the intrauterine environment, placing the developing fetus at risk. Serious infections of the mother or the fetus can cause severe problems or even miscarriage. The more common and seemingly benign infections, such as influenza, do not appear associated with such severe outcomes. However, recent work has shown that maternal inflammation associated with any infection has the potential to alter the fetal brain development. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between maternal infection and subsequent development of neuropsychiatric illness in the offspring. Mouse models of maternal infection have shown long-lasting changes in the brain of offspring following maternal immune activation (MIA), as well as behavioral abnormalities related to human neuropsychiatric illness. Recent work has begun to elucidate the mechanisms through which the…",total_citations:13,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Interactions between maternal fluoxetine exposure, the maternal gut microbiome and fetal neurodevelopment in mice",paperURL:"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33979656/",notes:[{author_slug:"elainehsiao",note:`<p>Congrats to <a href="https://twitter.com/helenvuongphd">@helenvuongphd</a> and co-authors on their  new work online! They model SSRI use in pregnant mice and find effects on the fetal brain that are modified by the maternal gut microbiome.</p><p>Don't miss the "negative" data in the supplementaries-- they were surprising and are my fave part! Doesn't seem like the microbiome alters fluoxetine bioavailability or its effects on the serotonergic system, as prior work would suggest 🤔</p>`}],authors:["Helen E Vuong","Elena JL Coley","Maria Kazantsev","Michaela E Cooke","Tomiko K Rendon","Jorge Paramo","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["helenvuong","elenacoley","mariakazantsev","michaelacooke","tomikorendon","jorgeparamo","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2021/7/23",journal:"Behavioural brain research",volume:"410",pages:"113353",publisher:"Behavioural Brain Research",description:"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely used treatment by women experiencing depression during pregnancy. However, the effects of maternal SSRI use on early offspring development remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that SSRIs can modify the gut microbiota and interact directly with particular gut bacteria, raising the question of whether the gut microbiome impacts host responses to SSRIs. In this study, we investigate effects of prenatal SSRI exposure on fetal neurodevelopment and further evaluate potential modulatory influences of the maternal gut microbiome. We demonstrate that maternal treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine induces widespread alterations in the fetal brain transcriptome during midgestation, including increases in the expression of genes relevant to synaptic organization and neuronal signaling and decreases in the expression of genes related to…",total_citations:11,areas:{m:1,s:1}},{title:"Gut microbes join the social network",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(18)31155-3",authors:["Helen E Vuong","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["helenvuong","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2019/1/16",journal:"Neuron",volume:"101",issue:"2",pages:"196-198",publisher:"Neuron",description:"The gut microbiome is increasingly implicated in the regulation of social behavior across model organisms. In&nbsp;this issue of Neuron, Sgritta et&nbsp;al. (2018) examine the role of the gut microbiome in social reward circuits and sociability in three mouse models of autism spectrum disorder.",total_citations:11,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Compositions and methods comprising bacteria for improving behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders",paperURL:null,inventors:["Elaine Hsiao","Wei-Li Wu","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","wei-liwu","sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2016/5/5",patent_office:"US",application_number:"14925240",description:"Some embodiments include probiotics for use in treatment of one or more autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or epilepsy in a subject in need thereof. The probiotics can comprise Bacteroides bacteria (eg, B. fragilis). In some embodiments, the subject is identified in need of treatment ASD or epilepsy based a combination of behavioral symptoms and optional genetic markers. Upon treatment, one or more ASD-related behaviors are improved in the subject.",total_citations:11,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Are changes in the gut microbiome a contributor or consequence of autism—why not both?",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-medicine/fulltext/S2666-3791(21)00382-7",authors:["Ezgi Özcan","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["ezgiozcan","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2022/1/18",journal:"Cell Reports Medicine",volume:"3",issue:"1",publisher:"Cell Reports Medicine",description:"Alterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but whether they are a cause, effect, or confounder remains unclear. In a recent issue of Cell, Yap and colleagues report that ASD-associated microbiota changes are likely a consequence of low diet diversity.1",total_citations:10,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Ketone bodies exert ester-ordinary suppression of bifidobacteria and Th17 cells",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/pdf/S1550-4131(20)30250-3.pdf",authors:["Christine A Olson","Greg R Lum","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["christineolson","greglum","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2020/6/2",journal:"Cell Metabolism",volume:"31",issue:"6",pages:"1049-1051",publisher:"Cell Metabolism",description:"The ketogenic diet is used to treat neurological and metabolic symptoms of disease, but the extent of its influences across organ systems remains unclear. Ang et al., 2020 reveal that ketone bodies induced by the diet inhibit specific bacteria of the gut microbiota and suppress pro-inflammatory T&nbsp;cells in the intestine.",total_citations:9,areas:{d:1,g:1}},{title:"Clostridia from the gut microbiome are associated with brain functional connectivity and evoked symptoms in IBS",paperURL:"https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(17)30496-1/pdf?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2F",authors:["Jennifer S Labus","Elaine Hsiao","Julien Tap","Muriel Derrien","Arpana Gupta","Boris Le Nevé","Rémi Brazeilles","Cecilia Grinsvall","Lena Ohman","Hans Törnblom","Kirsten Tillisch","Magnus Simren","Emeran A Mayer"],authors_slugs:["jenniferlabus","elainehsiao","julientap","murielderrien","arpanagupta","borisneve","remibrazeilles","ceciliagrinsvall","lenaohman","hanstornblom","kirstentillisch","magnussimren","emeranmayer"],publication_date:"2017/4/1",journal:"Gastroenterology",volume:"152",issue:"5",pages:"S40",publisher:"Gastroenterology",description:"Background Recent evidence reveals an important role for colonic spore-forming bacteria (including Clostridia) in stimulating 5-HT biosynthesis in the intestine and modulating GI sensorimotor function (Yano, 2015, Kashyap, 2014). Clostridiales-associated species are enriched in the fecal microbiome of a subset of IBS individuals and correlate with IBS symptom severity (Tap et al, 2016). Also, the composition of the gut microbiota correlates with alterations in brain structure in IBS compared to healthy controls (HC)(Labus et al, 2015). Aim Test the hypothesis that abundance of serotonin-promoting Clostridia in the fecal microbiome correlates with functional connectivity of sensorimotor regions (basal ganglia, posterior insula and thalamus), as well as with evoked symptoms. Methods 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing was performed on stool samples collected from 65 IBS patients (46 F) and 21 HCs (16 F) who…",total_citations:9,areas:{s:1,g:1}},{title:"The microbial olympics 2016",paperURL:"https://www.nature.com/articles/nmicrobiol2016122",authors:["Michaeline B Nelson","Alexander B Chase","Jennifer BH Martiny","Roman Stocker","Jen Nguyen","Karen Lloyd","Reid T Oshiro","Daniel B Kearns","Johannes P Schneider","Peter D Ringel","Marek Basler","Christine A Olson","Helen E Vuong","Elaine Y Hsiao","Benjamin RK Roller","Martin Ackermann","Chris Smillie","Diana Chien","Eric Alm","Andrew J Jermy"],authors_slugs:["michaelinenelson","alexanderchase","jennifermartiny","romanstocker","jennguyen","karenlloyd","reidoshiro","danielkearns","johannesschneider","peterringel","marekbasler","christineolson","helenvuong","elainehsiao","benjaminroller","martinackermann","chrissmillie","dianachien","ericalm","andrewjermy"],publication_date:"2016/7/26",journal:"Nature microbiology",volume:"1",issue:"8",pages:"1-5",publisher:"Nature Microbiology",description:"London games1, where phage burst through to take sprint glory and Rhodobacter dominated in the pool. Where Pseudomonas’s disgrace made MRSA mighty and the common cold took relay gold. Winners have become legend, while valiant losers fade from memory. The next generation comes along rapidly in the world of microbial sport though, and a fresh cohort of competitors now rises. Training hard for selection, our new crop of microbial athletes have been honing their fitness and acquiring the skills needed to compete. With operons switched on and secretion systems sharpened, our heroes are ready to do battle once more. The drums are beating, the torch is lit, let the carnival begin.",total_citations:7,areas:{}},{title:"Ketogenic diet therapy for pediatric epilepsy is associated with alterations in the human gut microbiome that confer seizure resistance in mice",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(23)01533-4?uuid=uuid%3A37976875-ba6c-4cf1-b74a-76afa0e12f71",authors:["Greg R Lum","Sung Min Ha","Christine A Olson","Montgomery Blencowe","Jorge Paramo","Beck Reyes","Joyce H Matsumoto","Xia Yang","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["greglum","sungha","christineolson","montgomeryblencowe","jorgeparamo","beckreyes","joycematsumoto","xiayang","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2023/12/26",journal:"Cell reports",volume:"42",issue:"12",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"The gut microbiome modulates seizure susceptibility and the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet (KD) in animal models, but whether these relationships translate to KD therapies for human epilepsy is unclear. We find that the clinical KD alters gut microbial function in children with refractory epilepsy. Colonizing mice with KD-associated microbes promotes seizure resistance relative to matched pre-treatment controls. Select metagenomic and metabolomic features, including those related to anaplerosis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and amino acid metabolism, are seen with human KD therapy and preserved upon microbiome transfer to mice. Mice colonized with KD-associated gut microbes exhibit altered hippocampal transcriptomes, including pathways related to ATP synthesis, glutathione metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation, and are linked to susceptibility genes identified in human epilepsy. Our findings…",total_citations:6,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Gut microbes shape athletic motivation",paperURL:null,authors:["Gulistan Agirman","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["gulistanagirman","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2022/12/22",source:"Nature",volume:"612",issue:"7941",pages:"633-634",publisher:"Nature Publishing Group UK",description:"Microorganisms in the gut produce molecules that activate sensory neurons, stimulating exercise-associated reward circuits in the brain. This newly discovered pathway in mice affects motivation for prolonged exercise.",total_citations:5,areas:{}},{title:"Compositions and methods for modulating lipid and steroid metabolism",paperURL:null,inventors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","Thomas Fung"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","thomasfung"],publication_date:"2021/9/2",patent_office:"US",application_number:"17168944",description:"2022-07-14 Assigned to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA reassignment THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FUNG, THOMAS, Hsiao, Elaine Y.",total_citations:5,areas:{}},{title:"Microbe-based modulation of serotonin biosynthesis",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/98/b6/94/ad96c5a511af9d/US20160058808A1.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Hsiao","Jessica Yano"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","jessicayano"],publication_date:"2016/3/3",patent_office:"US",application_number:"14839041",description:"Methods and compositions that can be used to modulate serotonin level in a Subject are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the methods include adjusting the composition of gut microbiota in the Subject. Also disclosed are methods of adjusting the level of one or more serotonin-related metabolites to modulate serotonin biosynthesis in a Subject, and methods for treating serotonin-related diseases, for example disorders caused by serotonin deficiency.",total_citations:5,areas:{s:1}},{title:"STENSL: Microbial Source Tracking with ENvironment SeLection",paperURL:"https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/msystems.00995-21",authors:["Ulzee An","Liat Shenhav","Christine A Olson","Elaine Y Hsiao","Eran Halperin","Sriram Sankararaman"],authors_slugs:["ulzeean","liatshenhav","christineolson","elainehsiao","eranhalperin","sriramsankararaman"],publication_date:"2022/10/26",journal:"Msystems",volume:"7",issue:"5",pages:"e00995-21",publisher:"American Society for Microbiology",description:"Microbial source tracking analysis has emerged as a widespread technique for characterizing the properties of complex microbial communities. However, this analysis is currently limited to source environments sampled in a specific study. In order to expand the scope beyond one single study and allow the exploration of source environments using large databases and repositories, such as the Earth Microbiome Project, a source selection procedure is required. Such a procedure will allow differentiating between contributing environments and nuisance ones when the number of potential sources considered is high. Here, we introduce STENSL (microbial Source Tracking with ENvironment SeLection), a machine learning method that extends common microbial source tracking analysis by performing an unsupervised source selection and enabling sparse identification of latent source environments. By incorporating…",total_citations:4,areas:{}},{title:"Vagal interoception of microbial metabolites from the small intestinal lumen",paperURL:"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2023/12/19/2023.12.18.572257.full.pdf",authors:["Kelly G Jameson","Sabeen A Kazmi","Celine Son","Donya Mazdeyasnan","Emma Leshan","Helen E Vuong","Jorge Paramo","Arlene Lopez-Romero","Felix E Schweizer","Long Yang","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["kellyjameson","sabeenkazmi","celineson","donyamazdeyasnan","emmaleshan","helenvuong","jorgeparamo","arlenelopez-romero","felixschweizer","longyang","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2023",journal:"bioRxiv",pages:"2023.12. 18.572257",publisher:"bioRxiv",description:"The vagus nerve is proposed to enable communication between the gut microbiome and brain, but activity-based evidence is lacking. Herein, we assess the extent of gut microbial influences on afferent vagal activity and metabolite signaling mechanisms involved. We find that mice reared without microbiota (germ-free, GF) exhibit decreased vagal afferent tone relative to conventionally colonized mice (specific pathogen-free, SPF), which is reversed by colonization with SPF microbiota. Perfusing non-absorbable antibiotics (ABX) into the small intestine of SPF mice, but not GF mice, acutely decreases vagal activity, which is restored upon re-perfusion with bulk lumenal contents or sterile filtrates from the small intestine and cecum of SPF, but not GF, mice. Of several candidates identified by metabolomic profiling, microbiome-dependent short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and 3-indoxyl sulfate stimulate vagal activity with varied response kinetics, which is blocked by co-perfusion of pharmacological antagonists of FFAR2, TGR5, and TRPA1, respectively, into the small intestine. At the single-unit level, serial perfusion of each metabolite class elicits more singly responsive neurons than dually responsive neurons, suggesting distinct neuronal detection of different microbiome- and macronutrient- dependent metabolites. Finally, microbial metabolite-induced increases in vagal activity correspond with activation of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract, which is also blocked by co-administration of their respective receptor antagonists. Results from this study reveal that the gut microbiome regulates select metabolites in the intestinal lumen that…",total_citations:3,areas:{s:1}},{title:"Compositions and methods comprising bacteria for improving behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/5b/26/2e/83cab0643d3778/US20220016185A1.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Hsiao","Sara McBride","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","saramcbride","sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2022/1/20",patent_office:"US",application_number:"17303946",description:"Some embodiments include bacterial species for use in treatment of one or more autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and/or schizophrenia symptoms in a subject in need thereof. The bacterial species can include Bacteroides (eg, B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and/or B. vulgatus), and/or Enterococcus (eg, E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. avium, E. durans, E. gallinarum, or E. casseliflavus). Upon treatment, one or more ASD-related behaviors can be improved in the subject. a",total_citations:3,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Gut microbes tune inflammation and lifespan in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",paperURL:"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01335-3",authors:["Ping Fang","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["pingfang","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2020/6/4",source:"Nature",volume:"582",issue:"7810",pages:"34-35",publisher:"Nature Publishing Group UK",description:"There is growing evidence that gut microbes can influence disease. Analysis of a mouse model of the neurodegenerative condition amyotrophic lateral sclerosis offers insight into how gut bacteria might contribute to this illness.",total_citations:3,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Immune involvement in autism spectrum disorder as a basis for animal models",paperURL:"https://www.longdom.org/abstract/immune-involvement-in-autism-spectrum-disorder-as-a-basis-for-animal-models-32810.html",authors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","PH Patterson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","phpatterson"],publication_date:"2012",source:"Autism",pages:"1-8",description:"Several of the environmental stimuli suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of ASD involve altered immune responses during gestation. In this review, we discuss maternal immune activation as a primary risk factor for ASD, with an emphasis on recent findings from animal models of prenatal immune challenges. We further address the presence of autoantibodies as an additional immune-related autism risk factor, drawing upon work done in rodent and monkey models. We then explore the intersection between genetic and environmental susceptibility, with a focus on gene-environment interactions and immune involvement, in genetic risk factors for autism. Finally, we provide emerging evidence for the role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of ASD.",total_citations:3,areas:{m:1,d:1},publisher:"Autism-Open Access"},{title:"Microbiome alterations in autism spectrum disorder",paperURL:null,authors:["Elena J Coley-O’Rourke","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["elenacoley-orourke","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2023/9",journal:"Nature Microbiology",volume:"8",issue:"9",pages:"1615-1616",publisher:"Nature Publishing Group UK",description:"Multi-cohort meta-analysis provides a framework for studies that aim to define causal relationships between the microbiome and autism spectrum disorder.",total_citations:2,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Gut microbiota: A sweet tale of mice and microbes",paperURL:"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982222018498",authors:["Kristie Yu","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["kristieyu","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2023/1/9",journal:"Current Biology",volume:"33",issue:"1",pages:"R18-R20",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"The gut microbiota regulates host metabolism and feeding behavior. A new study shows that microbiota depletion leads to sucrose overconsumption and increases motivation to obtain sucrose in mice, suggesting that the gut microbiota suppresses overconsumption of palatable foods.",total_citations:2,areas:{}},{title:"Microbes REV up host metabolism around the clock",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(17)30435-1",authors:["Geoffrey N Pronovost","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["geoffpronovost","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2017/10/17",journal:"Immunity",volume:"47",issue:"4",pages:"618-620",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"There is increasing evidence that the microbiome regulates host metabolism, but specific mechanisms underlying these interactions remain poorly understood. In a recent paper in Science, Wang et&nbsp;al. (2017) reveal that the gut microbiota regulates the expression of circadian-clock genes to impact host lipid metabolism and body composition.",total_citations:2,areas:{}},{title:"Probiotic therapies for autism",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/fd/e2/87/aeaa6b05f84c9e/US20160375065A1.pdf",inventors:["Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson","Janet Chow","Elaine Hsiao","Sara McBride"],authors_slugs:["sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson","janetchow","elainehsiao","saramcbride"],publication_date:"2016/12/29",patent_office:"US",application_number:"15249870",description:"Provided is a method and a composition for improving behavioral performance in an individual comprising identi fying an individual in need of treatment, and providing Such an individual a composition comprising bacteria within the genus Bacteroides.",total_citations:2,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Modeling the maternal immune activation risk factor for schizophrenia",paperURL:"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128009819000110",authors:["Natalia Malkova","Wei-Li Wu","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["nataliamalkova","wei-liwu","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2016/1/1",book:"Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience",volume:"23",pages:"175-191",publisher:"Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience",description:"Maternal immune activation (MIA) is an important environmental risk factor for schizophrenia. Among various modes of MIA, modeling maternal viral infection by injecting pregnant rodents with the double-stranded RNA polyinosine-polycytidylic yields offspring with strong face, construct, and predictive validity for symptoms related to schizophrenia. The MIA model is a powerful tool for investigating molecular mechanisms underlying the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia-related features and for uncovering key molecular targets for intervention. Here we introduce the epidemiological bases for the MIA model and present important findings on both prenatal and postnatal variations of the polyinosine-polycytidylic approach. We further describe applications of the MIA model to studies of gene–environment and environment–environment interactions in schizophrenia. Finally, we discuss the MIA risk factor in the context of…",total_citations:2,areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Complex carbohydrate utilization by gut bacteria modulates host food preference",paperURL:"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10888876/",authors:["Kristie Yu","Celine Son","Anisha Chandra","Jorge Paramo","Anna Novoselov","Ezgi Özcan","Sabeen A Kazmi","Greg R Lum","Arlene Lopez-Romero","Jonathan B Lynch","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["kristieyu","celineson","anishachandra","jorgeparamo","annanovoselov","ezgiozcan","sabeenkazmi","greglum","arlenelopez-romero","jonathanlynch","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2024/2/14",journal:"bioRxiv",publisher:"bioRxiv",description:"The gut microbiota interacts directly with dietary nutrients and has the ability to modify host feeding behavior, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Select gut bacteria digest complex carbohydrates that are non-digestible by the host and liberate metabolites that serve as additional energy sources and pleiotropic signaling molecules. Here we use a gnotobiotic mouse model to examine how differential fructose polysaccharide metabolism by commensal gut bacteria influences host preference for diets containing these carbohydrates. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides ovatus selectively ferment fructans with different glycosidic linkages: B. thetaiotaomicron ferments levan with β2–6 linkages, whereas B. ovatus ferments inulin with β2–1 linkages. Since inulin and levan are both fructose polymers, inulin and levan diet have similar perceptual salience to mice. We find that mice colonized…",total_citations:1,areas:{s:1}},{title:"Extending genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease from host to holobiont",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(23)00004-1",authors:["Sabeen A Kazmi","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["sabeenkazmi","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2023/2/16",journal:"Cell",volume:"186",issue:"4",pages:"690-692",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"The gut microbiota is implicated in risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). A study in Science reports that depleting gut bacteria in mice with genetic risk for AD reduces neuropathology in a sex-dependent manner. This is reversed by administering short-chain fatty acids, suggesting that specific bacterial metabolites increase susceptibility to AD.",total_citations:1,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Turicibacter strains differentially modify bile acids and host lipids",paperURL:"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/06/27/2022.06.27.497673.full.pdf",authors:["Jonathan B Lynch","Erika L Gonzalez","Kayli Choy","Kym F Faull","Talia Jewell","Abelardo Arellano","Jennifer Liang","Kristie B Yu","Jorge Paramo","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["jonathanlynch","erikagonzalez","kaylichoy","kymfaull","taliajewell","abelardoarellano","jenniferliang","kristieyu","jorgeparamo","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2022/6/27",journal:"bioRxiv",pages:"2022.06. 27.497673",publisher:"bioRxiv",description:"Bacteria from the Turicibacter genus are prominent members of the mammalian gut microbiota and are associated with alterations in dietary fat and body weight, but the specific connections between these symbionts and host physiology are poorly understood. We genomically and phenotypically characterized a diverse set of mouse-and human-derived Turicibacter strains, and found they group into three clades that differ in their transformations of bile acids. We identified Turicibacter bile salt hydrolases that confer strain-specific differences in bile deconjugation. Colonization with individual Turicibacter strains led to changes in host bile acid profiles, generally aligning with those produced in vitro. Further, colonizing mice with another bacterium expressing bile-modifying genes from these strains decreased serum cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as adipose tissue mass. This work identifies genes that enable diverse Turicibacter strains to differentially modify host bile acids and lipid metabolism, and positions multiple Turicibacter strains as candidates for altering host fat biology.",total_citations:1,areas:{g:1}},{title:"Modulation of microbial synthesis of 4-etylphenol and 4-ethylphenyl sulfate in behavior and disease",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/63/94/37/2e5760ef9ba4a7/US11224624.pdf",inventors:["Brittany D Needham","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Gil Sharon","Masanori Funabashi","Michael A Fischbach","Elaine Y Hsiao","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["brittanyneedham","sarkismazmanian","gilsharon","masanorifunabashi","michaelfischbach","elainehsiao","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2022/1/18",patent_office:"US",patent_number:"11224624",application_number:"16485403",description:"Some embodiments relate to genetically engineered bacte rial strains for modulation of levels of the bacterial metabo lite 4-ethylphenol (4EP) and its sulfated form, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate (4EPS). In some embodiments, the bacteria reduce or inhibit production of 4EP or 4EPS in the gut of a subject.",total_citations:1,areas:{}},{title:"Compositions and methods for inhibiting seizures",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/7b/dd/38/464d5c17499f95/US11129858.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Hsiao","Jessica Yano","Helen Vuong","Christine Olson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","jessicayano","helenvuong","christineolson"],publication_date:"2021/9/28",patent_office:"US",patent_number:"11129858",application_number:"16471460",description:"Provided herein are methods and compositions related to treating or preventing seizures. In some aspects, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing seizures in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising Parabacteroides and Akkermansia bacteria.",total_citations:1,areas:{}},{title:"IL-33 Changes Our “Gut Feelings” about Serotonin",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(20)30535-5?dgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email",authors:["W Yu Lewis","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["wlewis","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2021/1/12",journal:"Immunity",volume:"54",issue:"1",pages:"9-11",publisher:"Immunity",description:"Many studies highlight direct interactions between immune cells and enteric neurons, but whether immune signals can indirectly modulate enteric function through neurotransmitter regulation is poorly understood. In this issue of Immunity, Chen et&nbsp;al. reveal how IL-33 induces intestinal serotonin to promote gut motility.",total_citations:1,areas:{s:1,d:1}},{title:"Commensal microbiota and its relationship to homeostasis and disease",paperURL:"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781317212942-19/commensal-microbiota-relationship-homeostasis-disease-jonathan-braun-elaine-hsiao-nicholas-powell",authors:["Jonathan Braun","Elaine Y Hsiao","Nicholas Powell"],authors_slugs:["jonathanbraun","elainehsiao","nicholaspowell"],publication_date:"2020/4/21",book:"Principles of Mucosal Immunology",pages:"285-301",publisher:"Principles of Mucosal Immunology",description:"A substantial portion of the human genome is devoted to host functions that affect host-microbe interaction: host barrier properties, antimicrobial defense, metabolic stress, and inflammation. Disrupting innate immune recognition of luminal organisms by the introduction of genetic deficiencies in particular pattern recognition receptors or their signaling pathways also results in disordered homeostasis and altered susceptibility to inflammatory insult. The critical importance of the cross talk between the innate immune system and the gut microbiota for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis is readily demonstrated by experimental perturbation of either of these components. Commensal microbes within biofilms may be composed of beneficial, symbiotic, or potentially pathogenic bacteria. In fact, inflammatory disease of the oral cavity is usually caused by members of the healthy microbiota. One of the most important&nbsp;…",total_citations:1,areas:{s:1,d:1,g:1}},{title:"Mitochondrial and purinergic dysregulation promote abnormal behavior in mice",paperURL:null,authors:["Ping Fang","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["pingfang","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2020/2/1",source:"Trends in Immunology",volume:"41",issue:"2",pages:"97-99",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"Increasing evidence implicates immune dysregulation in the development of neurological disorders. Recent research by Fan and colleagues deepens our understanding of how physical stress alters the immune system to promote anxiety-like behavior.",total_citations:1,areas:{d:1}},{title:"Setting the stage for the next generation of neuroscience",paperURL:"https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(18)30539-7",authors:["Weizhe Hong","Nils Brose","Jeremiah Y Cohen","Pico Caroni","Elaine Y Hsiao","Pascal S Kaeser"],authors_slugs:["weizhehong","nilsbrose","jeremiahcohen","picocaroni","elainehsiao","pascalkaeser"],publication_date:"2018/7/11",journal:"Neuron",volume:"99",issue:"1",pages:"11-12",publisher:"Cell",description:"Neuroscientists share their vision—spanning from the nanoscale to complex social behavior—for what is needed to take on the big challenges of the field.",total_citations:1,areas:{}},{title:"Compositions and methods for inhibiting seizures",paperURL:null,inventors:["Elaine Hsiao","Jessica Yano","Helen Vuong","Christine Olson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","jessicayano","helenvuong","christineolson"],publication_date:"2024/7/18",patent_office:"US",application_number:"18390652",description:"WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC [C@ H] 1O [C@@ H](O)[C@ H](O)[C@@ H](O)[C@@ H] 1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 14",areas:{}},{title:"Dietary Fibers in Clinical Ketogenic Diets Promotes Seizure Resistance in Mice Through Modulation of Gut Microbiome",paperURL:null,authors:["Ezgi Özcan","Kristie Yu","Lyna Dinh","Greg R Lum","Jessie Hsu","Katie Lau","Mariana Arino","Jorge Paramo","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["ezgiozcan","kristieyu","lynadinh","greglum","jessiehsu","katielau","marianaarino","jorgeparamo","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2024/7/1",journal:"Current Developments in Nutrition",volume:"8",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"Objectives: Gut microbiome has been shown to play a pivotal role for the anti-seizure effects of the classical ketogenic diet (KD). However, how different variations of KD differentially modify the gut microbiome in ways that impact seizure outcome is poorly understood.",areas:{}},{title:"Sex-dependent interactions between prodromal intestinal inflammation and LRRK2 G2019S in mice promote endophenotypes of Parkinson’s disease",paperURL:"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06256-9",authors:["Ping Fang","Lewis W Yu","Hannah Espey","Gulistan Agirman","Sabeen A Kazmi","Kai Li","Yongning Deng","Jamie Lee","Haley Hrncir","Arlene Romero-Lopez","Arthur P Arnold","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["pingfang","lewisyu","hannahespey","gulistanagirman","sabeenkazmi","kaili","yongningdeng","jamielee","haleyhrncir","arleneromero-lopez","arthurarnold","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2024/5/15",journal:"Communications Biology",volume:"7",issue:"1",pages:"570",publisher:"Nature Publishing Group UK",description:"Gastrointestinal (GI) disruptions and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), but how they may impact risk for PD remains poorly understood. Herein, we provide evidence that prodromal intestinal inflammation expedites and exacerbates PD endophenotypes in rodent carriers of the human PD risk allele LRRK2 G2019S in a sex-dependent manner. Chronic intestinal damage in genetically predisposed male mice promotes α-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra, loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor impairment. This male bias is preserved in gonadectomized males, and similarly conferred by sex chromosomal complement in gonadal females expressing human LRRK2 G2019S. The early onset and heightened severity of neuropathological and behavioral outcomes in male LRRK2 G2019S mice is preceded by increases in α-synuclein in the colon, α…",areas:{d:1,g:1}},{title:"The Microbiome at the Interface of the Exposome and Risk for Psychiatric Disorders (vol 95, pg 298, 2024)",paperURL:null,authors:["Tamar L Gur","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["tamargur","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2024/3/15",journal:"BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY",volume:"95",issue:"6",pages:"601-601",publisher:"ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC",areas:{}},{title:"Probiotic therapies for treating Rett syndrome",paperURL:null,inventors:["Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson","Janet Chow","Elaine Hsiao","Sara W McBride"],authors_slugs:["sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson","janetchow","elainehsiao","saramcbride"],publication_date:"2024/2/13",patent_office:"US",patent_number:"11896629",application_number:"16935837",description:"Provided is a method and a composition for improving behavioral performance in an individual comprising identifying an individual in need of treatment, and providing such an individual a composition comprising bacteria within the genus Bacteroides.",areas:{}},{title:"Compositions and methods for inhibiting seizures",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ba/87/01/c4cfce07f506be/US20220184144A1.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","Jessica Yano","Helen E Vuong","Christine Olson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","jessicayano","helenvuong","christineolson"],publication_date:"2024/1/30",patent_office:"US",patent_number:"11883441",application_number:"17486299",description:"WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC [C@ H] 1O [C@@ H](O)[C@ H](O)[C@@ H](O)[C@@ H] 1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 14",areas:{}},{title:"Dietary fiber content in clinical ketogenic diets modifies the gut microbiome and seizure resistance in mice",paperURL:"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606041.full.pdf",authors:["Ezgi Ozcan","Kristie B Yu","Lyna Dinh","Gregory Lum","Katie Lau","Jessie Hsu","Mariana Arino","Jorge Paramo","Arlene Lopez-Romero","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["ezgiozcan","kristieyu","lynadinh","gregorylum","katielau","jessiehsu","marianaarino","jorgeparamo","arlenelopez-romero","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2024",journal:"bioRxiv",pages:"2024.07. 31.606041",publisher:"bioRxiv",description:"The gut microbiome is emerging as an important modulator of the anti-seizure effects of the classic ketogenic diet. However, many variations of the ketogenic diet are used clinically to treat refractory epilepsy, and how different dietary formulations differentially modify the gut microbiome in ways that impact seizure outcome is poorly understood. We find that clinically prescribed ketogenic infant formulas vary in macronutrient ratio, fat source, and fiber content and also in their ability to promote resistance to 6-Hz psychomotor seizures in mice. By screening specific dietary variables for their effects on a model human infant microbial community, we observe that dietary fiber, rather than fat ratio or source, drives substantial metagenomic shifts. Addition of dietary fiber to a fiber-deficient ketogenic formula restores seizure resistance, and supplementing protective ketogenic formulas with excess dietary fiber further potentiates seizure resistance. By screening 13 fiber sources and types, we identify distinct subsets of metagenomic responses in the model human infant microbial community that correspond with increased seizure resistance in mice. In particular, supplementation with seizure-protective fibers enriches microbial representation of genes related to queuosine biosynthesis and preQ0 biosynthesis and decreases representation of microbial genes related to sucrose degradation, which is also seen in seizure-protected mice that are fed fiber-containing ketogenic infant formulas. Overall, this study reveals that different formulations of clinical ketogenic diets, and dietary fiber content in particular, differentially impact seizure outcome in mice, likely…",areas:{d:1}},{title:"The maternal microbiome modifies adverse effects of protein undernutrition on offspring neurobehavioral impairment in mice",paperURL:"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581439.full.pdf",authors:["Elena Coley","Gregory Lum","Geoffrey Pronovost","Ezgi Ozcan","Kristie Yu","Janet Mcdermott","Anna Chakhoyan","Eliza Goldman","Helen Vuong","Jorge Paramo","Alison Chu","Kara Calkins","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["elenacoley","gregorylum","geoffpronovost","ezgiozcan","kristieyu","janetmcdermott","annachakhoyan","elizagoldman","helenvuong","jorgeparamo","alisonchu","karacalkins","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2024",journal:"bioRxiv",pages:"2024.02. 22.581439",publisher:"bioRxiv",description:"Protein undernutrition is a global risk factor for impaired growth and neurobehavioral development in children. However, the critical periods, environmental interactions, and maternal versus neonatal influences on programming lasting behavioral abnormalities are poorly understood. In a mouse model of fetal growth restriction, limiting maternal protein intake particularly during pregnancy leads to cognitive and anxiety-like behavioral abnormalities in adult offspring, indicating a critical role for the gestational period. By cross-fostering newborn mice to dams previously exposed to either low protein or standard diet, we find that the adult behavioral impairments require diet-induced conditioning of both fetal development and maternal peripartum physiology, rather than either alone. This suggests that protein undernutrition during pregnancy directly disrupts fetal neurodevelopment and indirectly alters maternal state in ways that interact postnatally to precipitate behavioral deficits. Consistent with this, maternal protein restriction during pregnancy reduces the diversity of the maternal gut microbiome, modulates maternal serum metabolomic profiles, and yields widespread alterations in fetal brain transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles, including subsets of microbiome-dependent metabolites. Depletion of the maternal microbiome in protein-restricted dams further alters fetal brain gene expression and exacerbates neurocognitive behavior in adult offspring, suggesting that the maternal microbiome modifies the impact of gestational protein undernutrition on risk for neurobehavioral impairment in the offspring. To explore the potential for microbiome…",areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Neurodevelopmental Disorders",paperURL:null,authors:["Gulistan Agirman","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["gulistanagirman","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2024/1/1",book:"The Gut-Brain Axis",pages:"201-216",publisher:"Academic Press",description:"Recent research into the complex interrelationship between the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems has led to an increased appreciation of the importance of commensal gut microbes to normal gut function and neurobehavioral health. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate co-morbid gut dysfunction in many individuals with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, animal model studies present promising evidence that microbe-based treatments may alleviate symptoms of disease. Autism spectrum disorder is of particular interest as a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in which a significant subset of patients present with gastrointestinal problems and in which microbial dysbiosis has been highlighted as a potential contributing factor to gastrointestinal and neuropathological abnormalities. Preclinical studies investigating probiotic treatments for gastrointestinal…",areas:{m:1,d:1,g:1}},{title:"Modulation of microbial synthesis of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylphenyl sulfate in behavior and disease",paperURL:null,inventors:["Brittany D Needham","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Gil Sharon","Masanori Funabashi","Michael A Fischbach","Elaine Y Hsiao","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["brittanyneedham","sarkismazmanian","gilsharon","masanorifunabashi","michaelfischbach","elainehsiao","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2023/9/5",patent_office:"US",patent_number:"11744867",application_number:"17443273",description:"Some embodiments relate to genetically engineered bacterial strains for modulation of levels of the bacterial metabolite 4-ethylphenol (4EP) and its sulfated form, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate (4EPS). In some embodiments, the bacteria reduce or inhibit production of 4EP or 4EPS in the gut of a subject. The bacteria can ameliorate, delay the onset, or reduce the likelihood of one or more symptoms associated with anxiety and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the subject.",areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"The Gut Microbiome Informs Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Behavior in a Model of Maternal Malnutrition",paperURL:null,authors:["Elena Coley","Anna Chakhoyan","Geoffrey Pronovost","Janet McDermott","Eliza Goldman","Helen Vuong","Jorge Paramo","Elaine Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["elenacoley","annachakhoyan","geoffpronovost","janetmcdermott","elizagoldman","helenvuong","jorgeparamo","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2023/5/1",journal:"Biological Psychiatry",volume:"93",issue:"9",pages:"S22",publisher:"Elsevier",description:"Background",areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Sex-dependent interactions between prodromal intestinal inflammation and LRRK2 G2019S in mice promote symptoms of Parkinson’s disease",paperURL:"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518591.full.pdf",authors:["Ping Fang","Hannah Espey","Lewis W Yu","Gulistan Agirman","Kai Li","Yongning Deng","Jamie Lee","Haley Hrncir","Arthur P Arnold","Elaine Y Hsiao"],authors_slugs:["pingfang","hannahespey","lewisyu","gulistanagirman","kaili","yongningdeng","jamielee","haleyhrncir","arthurarnold","elainehsiao"],publication_date:"2022/12/2",journal:"bioRxiv",pages:"2022.11. 30.518591",publisher:"bioRxiv",description:"Gastrointestinal (GI) disruptions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are common prodromal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but how they may impact risk for PD remains poorly understood. Herein, we provide evidence that prodromal intestinal inflammation expedites and exacerbates PD symptoms in rodent carriers of the human PD risk allele LRRK2 G2019S in a sex-dependent manner. Chronic intestinal damage in genetically predisposed male, but not female, mice promotes α-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra, elevated α-synuclein loads in microglia, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and motor impairment. This male bias in gene-environment interaction is preserved in gonadectomized males, and similarly conferred by sex chromosomal complement in gonadal females expressing human LRRK2 G2019S, revealing that XY chromosomes, not testicular hormones, mediate the male bias in the gut-brain-driven risk for endophenotypes of PD. The early onset and heightened severity of neuropathological and behavioral outcomes in male LRRK2 G2019S mice is preceded by the accumulation of α-synuclein in the colon, increases in α-synuclein-positive macrophages in the colonic lamina propria, and elevations in α-synuclein loads within microglia in the substantia nigra. Taken together, these data reveal that prodromal intestinal inflammation promotes the pathogenesis of PD symptoms in male carriers of LRRK2 G2019S, through mechanisms that depend on genotypic sex and involve early accumulation of α-synuclein in myeloid cells within the gut and brain.",areas:{d:1,g:1}},{title:"Compositions and methods for promoting healthy neural development in an unborn baby",paperURL:null,inventors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","Helen E Vuong"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","helenvuong"],publication_date:"2022/7/28",patent_office:"US",application_number:"17609269",description:"Disclosed herein are methods for promoting healthy neural development in an unborn baby, which include administering to a maternal subject gestating the unborn baby a composition or a bacterial composition. Compositions can include trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), 5-aminovalerate (5-AV), imidazole propionate (IP), hippurate (HIP), or a combination thereof, and the bacterial compositions can include bacteria of the order Clostridiales. Also disclosed are methods for conditioning a female subject for bringing about offspring with healthy neural development. Additionally disclosed are methods for reducing adverse effects of antibiotic treatment on an unborn baby in a pregnant subject. Also disclosed are methods for selecting a female subject for conditioning to foster healthy neural development in offspring.",areas:{m:1}},{title:"Compositions and methods for modulating cognitive behavior",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/9b/83/bd/3e78082d038d49/US20220218762A1.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","Christine Olson","Alonso Iniguez"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","christineolson","alonsoiniguez"],publication_date:"2022/7/14",patent_office:"US",application_number:"17615297",description:"The present disclosure provides methods of treating hyp oxia-induced cognitive impairment. Also disclosed are microbiome modulators, such as ketogenic-diet-suppressed bacterial species or antibiotics effective against a ketogenic diet-boosted bacterial species, for use in treatment of cog nitive impairment. The disclosure also provides methods of selecting a subject having hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment and methods of obtaining a prognostic indicator of hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment in a subject who receives a dosage of a microbiome modulator.",areas:{d:1}},{title:"Compositions, methods for regulating uterine, placental growth",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/c9/a7/ad/3ae0c56b34971c/US20220175851A1.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","Geoffrey N Pronovost"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","geoffpronovost"],publication_date:"2022/6/9",patent_office:"US",application_number:"17437643",description:"Disclosed herein are methods for promoting fetal growth, placental development, and angiogenesis, comprising administering to a female subject or to a maternal subject gestating an unborn baby (eg, fetus) a composition of the present disclosure. Also disclosed are methods of inhibiting development of a disease or disorder, such as preeclampsia or fetal growth reduction (FGR), in a subject, comprising administering to a female subject or to a maternal subject gestating an unborn baby (eg, fetus) a composition of the present disclosure.",areas:{m:1}},{title:"Methods of selecting subjects for treatment with metabolomic modulators",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/18/13/af/da75695a9eb093/US20210364526A1.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Y Hsiao","Jessica Yano","Helen E Vuong","Christine Olson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","jessicayano","helenvuong","christineolson"],publication_date:"2021/11/25",patent_office:"US",application_number:"17057500",description:"Provided herein are methods for selecting a subject with a disease or disorder for treatment, as well as methods of treating the subject, determining the efficacy of the treatment, and adjusting the treatment dosage and frequency.",areas:{}},{title:"Diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/96/46/c8/899a02485941aa/US11052151.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Hsiao","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson","Sara McBride"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson","saramcbride"],publication_date:"2021/7/6",patent_office:"US",patent_number:"11052151",application_number:"16193724",description:"Disclosed herein are compositions, systems, and methods for diagnosing and treatment of subjects suffering from anxiety, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or a pathological condition with one or more of the symptoms of ASD.",areas:{m:1,d:1}},{title:"Compositions and methods comprising bacteria for improving behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders",paperURL:"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/fd/47/ce/1de748437c7fcd/US20190125812A1.pdf",inventors:["Elaine Hsiao","Sara McBride","Sarkis K Mazmanian","Paul H Patterson"],authors_slugs:["elainehsiao","saramcbride","sarkismazmanian","paulpatterson"],publication_date:"2019/5/2",patent_office:"US",application_number:"16139741",description:"Some embodiments include bacterial species for use in treatment of one or more autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and/or schizophrenia symptoms in a subject in need thereof. 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We further find that select bacteria can directly interact with neurochemicals to promote their own fitness in the gastrointestinal tract and alter host responses to common medications that target neurochemical signaling pathways.",kA="Brain & Behavior",TA="What are the effects of the microbiota on the nervous system? And how do microbes communicate with the nervous system?",EA="Health & Disease",SA="How do microbe-nervous system interactions impact health and disease? And can modification of the microbiota treat symptoms of neurological diseases?",PA="Investigating Questions in Integrative Biology",xA="The Lab's Focus",CA="Latest News",LA="Origins & Interactions",RA="Which species or communities confer particular functional effects? And what are the evolutionary benefits of microbe-nervous system interactions?",IA="See more lab news",MA="Compiling",NA="The Hsiao Lab at UCLA aims to understand how they influence brain & behavior.",jA="The body contains trillions of microbes that impact health & disease.",$A="Research Areas",FA="View all publications",OA="View publications",DA="Citations",HA="Date",UA="Filter",VA="Go to source",BA="Hide Abstract",zA="Patents",GA="See what else we've been up to",qA="Show abstract",WA="Show all publications",KA="Fun & Events",YA="Lab News",JA="Multimedia",QA="Send us a note!",ZA="Show All Events",XA="Show All Media",e3="Show all news",t3="Apply for job",n3="Ad flyer",i3="We are a team of scientists and skilled staff who want to understand how gut microbes impact the brain and behavior.",a3="Help make scientific discoveries",o3="Interact with friendly people",s3="Work in sunny Los Angeles",r3="Join the team",l3="Science!",c3={A_alumni:sA,A_body_contains_trillions:rA,A_home:lA,A_jobs:cA,A_learn_about_our_research:dA,A_meet_the_team:uA,A_news:hA,A_publications:mA,A_research:fA,AREA_d:pA,AREA_d_desc:_A,AREA_g:bA,AREA_g_desc:gA,AREA_m:wA,AREA_m_desc:vA,AREA_s:yA,AREA_s_desc:AA,"Assistant Project Scientist":"Assistant Project Scientist",B_brain_and_behavior:kA,B_brain_behavior_questions:TA,B_health_and_disease:EA,B_heath_disease_questions:SA,B_investigating_questions:PA,B_labs_focus:xA,B_latest_news:CA,B_origins_and_interactions:LA,B_origins_interactions_questions:RA,B_see_more_news:IA,compiling:MA,D_footer_hsiao_lab:NA,D_footer_trillion:jA,E_research_areas:$A,E_view_all_pubs:FA,E_view_pubs:OA,F_citations:DA,F_date:HA,F_filter:UA,F_g_to_source:VA,F_hide_abstract:BA,F_patents:zA,F_see_activity:GA,F_show_abstract:qA,F_show_all_pubs:WA,G_fun_events:KA,G_lab_news:YA,G_multimedia:JA,G_send_us_a_note:QA,G_show_all_events:ZA,G_show_all_media:XA,G_show_all_news:e3,"Gnotobiotics Manager":"Gnotobiotics Manager",H_apply:t3,H_flyer:n3,H_jobs_desc:i3,H_jobs_discover:a3,H_jobs_friends:o3,H_jobs_sun:s3,H_join_team:r3,"lg:text-6xl":"lg:text-6xl","Master's Researcher":"Master's Researcher","MD Researcher":"MD Researcher","MD/PhD Researcher":"MD/PhD Researcher","Microbes, Guts & Brains":"Microbes, Guts & Brains","Minding Our Microbes":"Minding Our Microbes","PhD Researcher":"PhD Researcher","Postdoctoral Scholar":"Postdoctoral Scholar","Principal Investigator":"Principal Investigator","Public Administration Analyst":"Public Administration Analyst",science:l3,"Staff Research Associate":"Staff Research Associate","Undergraduate Researcher":"Undergraduate Researcher","Visiting Scholar":"Visiting Scholar"},d3="Alumni",u3="El cuerpo contiene billones de microbios que influyen en la salud y la enfermedad. Nuestro objetivo es comprender cómo influyen en el cerebro y el comportamiento.",h3="Inicio",m3="empleos",f3="Nuestra investigación",p3="Conoce al equipo",_3="Noticias",b3="Publicaciones",g3="Investigar",w3="Influencias del microbioma y el neuroinmune en los trastornos neurológicos",v3="El microbioma intestinal y el sistema inmunitario están en la interfaz de las interacciones genético-ambientales en muchas enfermedades del neurodesarrollo, neuropsiquiátricas y neurodegenerativas. Descubrimos que las alteraciones específicas del microbioma intestinal y del sistema inmunitario pueden aumentar el riesgo de anomalías cerebrales y conductuales en modelos de diversas enfermedades neurológicas, como el autismo, la epilepsia, el deterioro cognitivo, la enfermedad de Parkinson y la enfermedad de Alzheimer. También descubrimos que pueden utilizarse intervenciones específicas basadas en el microbioma para tratar los síntomas de las enfermedades neurológicas.",y3="Microbioma y trastornos gastrointestinales y metabólicos",A3="Muchas afecciones gastrointestinales y metabólicas se asocian a alteraciones del microbioma intestinal y de los neuroquímicos. Descubrimos que las interacciones microbioma-neuroquímica pueden contribuir al riesgo de padecer el síndrome del intestino irritable e influir en la salud metabólica.",k3="El microbioma en la salud materna y el neurodesarrollo del feto",T3="Durante el embarazo, el microbioma materno responde a los desafíos ambientales, como las infecciones y las alteraciones dietéticas, y regula numerosos productos bioquímicos en el torrente sanguíneo materno y fetal. Descubrimos que el microbioma materno durante el embarazo modifica las influencias ambientales en el desarrollo cerebral de la placenta y el feto, con cambios duraderos en la función cerebral y el comportamiento de la descendencia.",E3="Microbioma y señalización neuroquímica activa",S3="El microbioma intestinal regula cientos de sustancias bioquímicas en el huésped. Descubrimos que determinados microbios intestinales regulan la síntesis de moléculas neuroactivas, como la serotonina, que influyen en la actividad neuronal del eje intestino-cerebro. Además, descubrimos que determinadas bacterias pueden interactuar directamente con los productos neuroquímicos para promover su propia aptitud en el tracto gastrointestinal y alterar las respuestas del huésped a los medicamentos comunes que se dirigen a las vías de señalización neuroquímica.",P3="Cerebro y comportamiento",x3="¿Cuáles son los efectos de la microbiota en el sistema nervioso? ¿Y cómo se comunican los microbios con el sistema nervioso?",C3="Salud y enfermedad",L3="¿Cómo influyen las interacciones entre los microbios y el sistema nervioso en la salud y la enfermedad? ¿Y puede la modificación de la microbiota tratar los síntomas de las enfermedades neurológicas?",R3="Investigación de cuestiones de biología integradora",I3="El enfoque del laboratorio",M3="Ultimas Noticias",N3="Orígenes e interacciones",j3="¿Qué especies o comunidades confieren determinados efectos funcionales? ¿Y cuáles son los beneficios evolutivos de las interacciones entre los microbios y el sistema nervioso?",$3="Ver más noticias del laboratorio",F3="Compilación de",O3="El laboratorio Hsiao de la UCLA pretende entender cómo influyen en el cerebro y el comportamiento.",D3="El cuerpo contiene billones de microbios que influyen en la salud y la enfermedad.",H3="Áreas de investigación",U3="Todas las publicaciones",V3="Ver publicaciones",B3="Citas",z3="Fecha",G3="filtro",q3="Ir a la fuente",W3="Ocultar resumen",K3="Patentes",Y3="Vea qué más hemos hecho",J3="Mostrar resumen",Q3="Mostrar todas las publicaciones",Z3="Diversión y eventos",X3="Noticias de laboratorio",e4="Multimedia",t4="Envíenos una nota.",n4="Mostrar todos los eventos",i4="Mostrar todos los medios",a4="Mostrar todas las noticias",o4="Solicitar trabajo",s4="Folleto publicitario",r4="Somos un equipo de científicos y personal cualificado que quiere entender cómo los microbios intestinales influyen en el cerebro y el comportamiento.",l4="Ayudar a hacer descubrimientos científicos",c4="Interactuar con gente amable",d4="Trabajar en la soleada Los Ángeles",u4="Unete al Equipo",h4="¡Ciencia!",m4={A_alumni:d3,A_body_contains_trillions:u3,A_home:h3,A_jobs:m3,A_learn_about_our_research:f3,A_meet_the_team:p3,A_news:_3,A_publications:b3,A_research:g3,AREA_d:w3,AREA_d_desc:v3,AREA_g:y3,AREA_g_desc:A3,AREA_m:k3,AREA_m_desc:T3,AREA_s:E3,AREA_s_desc:S3,"Assistant Project Scientist":"Asistente del científico del proyecto",B_brain_and_behavior:P3,B_brain_behavior_questions:x3,B_health_and_disease:C3,B_heath_disease_questions:L3,B_investigating_questions:R3,B_labs_focus:I3,B_latest_news:M3,B_origins_and_interactions:N3,B_origins_interactions_questions:j3,B_see_more_news:$3,compiling:F3,D_footer_hsiao_lab:O3,D_footer_trillion:D3,E_research_areas:H3,E_view_all_pubs:U3,E_view_pubs:V3,F_citations:B3,F_date:z3,F_filter:G3,F_g_to_source:q3,F_hide_abstract:W3,F_patents:K3,F_see_activity:Y3,F_show_abstract:J3,F_show_all_pubs:Q3,G_fun_events:Z3,G_lab_news:X3,G_multimedia:e4,G_send_us_a_note:t4,G_show_all_events:n4,G_show_all_media:i4,G_show_all_news:a4,"Gnotobiotics Manager":"Gerente de Gnotobiotics",H_apply:o4,H_flyer:s4,H_jobs_desc:r4,H_jobs_discover:l4,H_jobs_friends:c4,H_jobs_sun:d4,H_join_team:u4,"lg:text-6xl":"lg:text-5xl","Master's Researcher":"Investigador de Maestría","MD Researcher":"Investigador MD","MD/PhD Researcher":"Investigador MD/PhD","Microbes, Guts & Brains":"Microbios, tripas y cerebros","Minding Our Microbes":"Microbios, <br>tripas y cerebros","PhD Researcher":"Investigador de doctorado","Postdoctoral Scholar":"Becario postdoctoral","Principal Investigator":"Investigador principal","Public Administration Analyst":"Analista de la Administración Pública",science:h4,"Staff Research Associate":"Personal de investigación asociado","Undergraduate Researcher":"Investigador de grado","Visiting Scholar":"Becario visitante"},f4="Anciens",p4="Le corps contient des trillions de microbes qui ont un impact sur la santé et la maladie. Nous cherchons à comprendre comment ils influencent le cerveau et le comportement.",_4="Accueil",b4="Emplois",g4="Nos recherches",w4="L'équipe",v4="Nouvelles",y4="Publications",A4="Recherche",k4="Influences du microbiome et du système neuro-immunitaire sur les troubles neurologiques",T4="Le microbiome intestinal et le système immunitaire sont à l'interface des interactions gènes-environnement dans de nombreuses maladies neurodéveloppementales, neuropsychiatriques et neurodégénératives. Nous constatons que des altérations spécifiques du microbiome intestinal et du système immunitaire peuvent augmenter le risque d'anomalies cérébrales et comportementales dans des modèles de diverses maladies neurologiques, telles que l'autisme, l'épilepsie, les troubles cognitifs, la maladie de Parkinson et la maladie d'Alzheimer. Nous constatons également que des interventions spécifiques basées sur le microbiome peuvent être utilisées pour traiter les symptômes des maladies neurologiques.",E4="Microbiome et troubles gastro-intestinaux et métaboliques",S4="De nombreuses affections gastro-intestinales et métaboliques sont associées à des altérations du microbiome intestinal et des substances neurochimiques. Nous constatons que les interactions microbiome-neurochimique peuvent contribuer au risque de syndrome du côlon irritable et influencer la santé métabolique.",P4="Le microbiome sur la santé maternelle et le neurodéveloppement fœtal",x4="Pendant la grossesse, le microbiome maternel répond aux défis environnementaux, tels que les infections et les altérations alimentaires, et régule de nombreux produits biochimiques dans les flux sanguins maternels et fœtaux. Nous constatons que le microbiome maternel pendant la grossesse modifie les influences environnementales sur le développement du cerveau placentaire et fœtal, avec des changements durables dans la fonction cérébrale et le comportement de la progéniture.",C4="Microbiome et signalisation neurochimique active",L4="Le microbiome intestinal régule des centaines de substances biochimiques chez l'hôte. Nous avons découvert que certains microbes intestinaux régulent la synthèse de molécules neuroactives, telles que la sérotonine, qui ont un impact sur l'activité neuronale dans l'axe intestin-cerveau. Nous constatons en outre que certaines bactéries peuvent interagir directement avec les substances neurochimiques pour favoriser leur propre adaptation dans le tractus gastro-intestinal et modifier les réponses de l'hôte aux médicaments courants qui ciblent les voies de signalisation neurochimiques.",R4="Cerveau et comportement",I4="Quels sont les effets du microbiote sur le système nerveux ? Et comment les microbes communiquent-ils avec le système nerveux ?",M4="Santé et maladie",N4="Comment les interactions entre les microbes et le système nerveux influent-elles sur la santé et la maladie ? Et la modification du microbiote peut-elle traiter les symptômes des maladies neurologiques ?",j4="Questions de recherche en biologie intégrative",$4="L'objectif du laboratoire",F4="Dernières nouvelles",O4="Origines et interactions",D4="Quelles espèces ou communautés confèrent des effets fonctionnels particuliers ? Et quels sont les avantages évolutifs des interactions entre les microbes et le système nerveux ?",H4="Voir plus de nouvelles du laboratoire",U4="Compiler",V4="Le laboratoire Hsiao de l'UCLA vise à comprendre comment ils influencent le cerveau et le comportement.",B4="Le corps contient des trillions de microbes qui ont un impact sur la santé et la maladie.",z4="Domaines de recherche",G4="Toutes les publications",q4="Voir les publications",W4="Citations",K4="Date",Y4="Filtrez",J4="Aller à la source",Q4="Masquer le résumé",Z4="Brevets",X4="Voir ce que nous avons fait d'autre",ek="Afficher le résumé",tk="Afficher toutes les publications",nk="Loisirs et événements",ik="Nouvelles du laboratoire",ak="Multimédia",ok="Contactez nous !",sk="Afficher tous les événements",rk="Afficher tous les médias",lk="Afficher toutes les nouvelles",ck="Postuler pour un emploi",dk="Dépliant publicitaire",uk="Nous sommes une équipe de scientifiques et de personnel qualifié qui veulent comprendre l'impact des microbes intestinaux sur le cerveau et le comportement.",hk="Contribuer à faire des découvertes scientifiques",mk="Interagir avec des personnes amicales",fk="Travailler sous le soleil de Los Angeles",pk="Rejoignez l'équipe",_k="La science !",bk={A_alumni:f4,A_body_contains_trillions:p4,A_home:_4,A_jobs:b4,A_learn_about_our_research:g4,A_meet_the_team:w4,A_news:v4,A_publications:y4,A_research:A4,AREA_d:k4,AREA_d_desc:T4,AREA_g:E4,AREA_g_desc:S4,AREA_m:P4,AREA_m_desc:x4,AREA_s:C4,AREA_s_desc:L4,"Assistant Project Scientist":"Assistant scientifique de projet",B_brain_and_behavior:R4,B_brain_behavior_questions:I4,B_health_and_disease:M4,B_heath_disease_questions:N4,B_investigating_questions:j4,B_labs_focus:$4,B_latest_news:F4,B_origins_and_interactions:O4,B_origins_interactions_questions:D4,B_see_more_news:H4,compiling:U4,D_footer_hsiao_lab:V4,D_footer_trillion:B4,E_research_areas:z4,E_view_all_pubs:G4,E_view_pubs:q4,F_citations:W4,F_date:K4,F_filter:Y4,F_g_to_source:J4,F_hide_abstract:Q4,F_patents:Z4,F_see_activity:X4,F_show_abstract:ek,F_show_all_pubs:tk,G_fun_events:nk,G_lab_news:ik,G_multimedia:ak,G_send_us_a_note:ok,G_show_all_events:sk,G_show_all_media:rk,G_show_all_news:lk,"Gnotobiotics Manager":"Responsable Gnotobiotiques",H_apply:ck,H_flyer:dk,H_jobs_desc:uk,H_jobs_discover:hk,H_jobs_friends:mk,H_jobs_sun:fk,H_join_team:pk,"lg:text-6xl":"lg:text-5xl","Master's Researcher":"Chercheur étudiant en master","MD Researcher":"Chercheur MD","MD/PhD Researcher":"Chercheur MD/PhD","Microbes, Guts & Brains":"Microbes, tripes et cerveaux","Minding Our Microbes":"Microbes, tripes<br> et cerveaux","PhD Researcher":"Chercheur doctoral","Postdoctoral Scholar":"Chercheur postdoctoral","Principal Investigator":"Chercheur principal","Public Administration Analyst":"Analyste de l'administration publique",science:_k,"Staff Research Associate":"Associé de recherche","Undergraduate Researcher":"Chercheur de premier cycle","Visiting Scholar":"Chercheur invité"},gk="Alumni",wk="Il corpo contiene trilioni di microbi che hanno un impatto sulla salute e sulle malattie. Il nostro obiettivo è capire come influenzano il cervello e il comportamento.",vk="Home",yk="Lavori",Ak="Scopri la nostra ricerca",kk="Incontrare il team",Tk="Notizie",Ek="Pubblicazioni",Sk="Ricerca",Pk="Influenze del microbioma e della neuroimmunità sui disturbi neurologici",xk="Il microbioma intestinale e il sistema immunitario sono all'interfaccia delle interazioni tra geni e ambiente in molte patologie del neurosviluppo, neuropsichiatriche e neurodegenerative. Abbiamo scoperto che alterazioni specifiche del microbioma intestinale e del sistema immunitario possono aumentare il rischio di anomalie cerebrali e comportamentali in modelli di varie malattie neurologiche, come l'autismo, l'epilessia, il deterioramento cognitivo, il morbo di Parkinson e il morbo di Alzheimer. Abbiamo anche scoperto che interventi specifici basati sul microbioma possono essere utilizzati per trattare i sintomi delle malattie neurologiche.",Ck="Microbioma e disturbi gastrointestinali e metabolici",Lk="Molte condizioni gastrointestinali e metaboliche sono associate ad alterazioni del microbioma intestinale e delle sostanze neurochimiche. Scopriamo che le interazioni microbioma-neurochimica possono contribuire al rischio di sindrome dell'intestino irritabile e influenzare la salute metabolica.",Rk="Il microbioma sulla salute materna e il neurosviluppo fetale",Ik="Durante la gravidanza, il microbioma materno risponde alle sfide ambientali, come le infezioni e le alterazioni della dieta, e regola numerose sostanze biochimiche nel flusso sanguigno materno e fetale. Abbiamo scoperto che il microbioma materno durante la gravidanza modifica le influenze ambientali sullo sviluppo cerebrale della placenta e del feto, con cambiamenti duraturi nella funzione cerebrale e nel comportamento della prole.",Mk="Microbioma e segnalazione neurochimica attiva",Nk="Il microbioma intestinale regola centinaia di sostanze biochimiche nell'ospite. Abbiamo scoperto che specifici microbi intestinali regolano la sintesi di molecole neuroattive, come la serotonina, che hanno un impatto sull'attività neuronale attraverso l'asse intestino-cervello. Abbiamo inoltre scoperto che alcuni batteri selezionati possono interagire direttamente con le sostanze neurochimiche per promuovere la propria idoneità nel tratto gastrointestinale e alterare le risposte dell'ospite ai comuni farmaci che hanno come bersaglio le vie di segnalazione neurochimiche.",jk="Cervello e comportamento",$k="Quali sono gli effetti del microbiota sul sistema nervoso? E come comunicano i microbi con il sistema nervoso?",Fk="Salute e malattia",Ok="In che modo le interazioni tra microbi e sistema nervoso influiscono sulla salute e sulla malattia? E la modifica del microbiota può trattare i sintomi delle malattie neurologiche?",Dk="Domande di approfondimento in Biologia Integrativa",Hk="L'obiettivo del laboratorio",Uk="Ultime notizie",Vk="Origini e interazioni",Bk="Quali specie o comunità conferiscono particolari effetti funzionali? E quali sono i vantaggi evolutivi delle interazioni tra microbi e sistema nervoso?",zk="Vedi altre notizie sul laboratorio",Gk="Compilazione",qk="Il laboratorio Hsiao dell'UCLA si propone di capire come influenzano il cervello e il comportamento.",Wk="Il corpo contiene trilioni di microbi che hanno un impatto sulla salute e sulle malattie.",Kk="Aree di ricerca",Yk="Tutte le pubblicazioni",Jk="Visualizza le pubblicazioni",Qk="Citazioni",Zk="Data",Xk="Filtro",e5="Vai alla fonte",t5="Nascondi abstract",n5="Brevetti",i5="Scoprite cos'altro abbiamo fatto",a5="Mostra abstract",o5="Mostra tutte le pubblicazioni",s5="Divertimento ed eventi",r5="Notizie dal laboratorio",l5="Multimedia",c5="Contattateci!",d5="Mostra tutti gli eventi",u5="Mostra tutti i media",h5="Mostra tutte le notizie",m5="Candidarsi per il lavoro",f5="Volantino pubblicitario",p5="Siamo un team di scienziati e personale specializzato che vuole capire come i microbi intestinali influenzino il cervello e il comportamento.",_5="Contribuire a fare scoperte scientifiche",b5="Interagire con persone amichevoli",g5="Lavorare nella soleggiata Los Angeles",w5="Unisciti al team",v5="Scienza!",y5={A_alumni:gk,A_body_contains_trillions:wk,A_home:vk,A_jobs:yk,A_learn_about_our_research:Ak,A_meet_the_team:kk,A_news:Tk,A_publications:Ek,A_research:Sk,AREA_d:Pk,AREA_d_desc:xk,AREA_g:Ck,AREA_g_desc:Lk,AREA_m:Rk,AREA_m_desc:Ik,AREA_s:Mk,AREA_s_desc:Nk,"Assistant Project Scientist":"Assistente scienziato di progetto",B_brain_and_behavior:jk,B_brain_behavior_questions:$k,B_health_and_disease:Fk,B_heath_disease_questions:Ok,B_investigating_questions:Dk,B_labs_focus:Hk,B_latest_news:Uk,B_origins_and_interactions:Vk,B_origins_interactions_questions:Bk,B_see_more_news:zk,compiling:Gk,D_footer_hsiao_lab:qk,D_footer_trillion:Wk,E_research_areas:Kk,E_view_all_pubs:Yk,E_view_pubs:Jk,F_citations:Qk,F_date:Zk,F_filter:Xk,F_g_to_source:e5,F_hide_abstract:t5,F_patents:n5,F_see_activity:i5,F_show_abstract:a5,F_show_all_pubs:o5,G_fun_events:s5,G_lab_news:r5,G_multimedia:l5,G_send_us_a_note:c5,G_show_all_events:d5,G_show_all_media:u5,G_show_all_news:h5,"Gnotobiotics Manager":"Responsabile Gnotobiotici",H_apply:m5,H_flyer:f5,H_jobs_desc:p5,H_jobs_discover:_5,H_jobs_friends:b5,H_jobs_sun:g5,H_join_team:w5,"lg:text-6xl":"lg:text-5xl","Master's Researcher":"Studente ricercatore di Master","MD Researcher":"Ricercatore MD","MD/PhD Researcher":"Ricercatore MD/PhD","Microbes, Guts & Brains":"Microbi, budella e cervello","Minding Our Microbes":"Microbi, budella <br>e cervello","PhD Researcher":"Ricercatore PhD","Postdoctoral Scholar":"Borsista post-dottorato","Principal Investigator":"Sperimentatore principale","Public Administration Analyst":"Analista della Pubblica Amministrazione",science:v5,"Staff Research Associate":"Personale di ricerca associato","Undergraduate Researcher":"Ricercatore universitario","Visiting Scholar":"Studioso in visita"},A5="卒業生",k5="体内には何兆個もの微生物が存在し、健康や病気に影響を与えています。私たちは、それらがどのように脳や行動に影響を与えるかを理解することを目指しています。",T5="ホーム",E5="求人情報",S5="研究内容についてはこちら",P5="チーム紹介",x5="ニュース",C5="出版物",L5="リサーチ",R5="神経疾患におけるマイクロバイオームと神経免疫の影響",I5="腸内細菌と免疫系は、多くの神経発達、神経精神、神経変性疾患において、遺伝子と環境の相互作用の接点にあります。私たちは、自閉症、てんかん、認知障害、パーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病などの様々な神経疾患モデルにおいて、腸内細菌と免疫系の特定の変化が脳と行動の異常のリスクを高めることを発見しています。また、特定のマイクロバイオームベースの介入を行うことで、神経疾患の症状を治療できることもわかっています。",M5="マイクロバイオームと消化器・代謝疾患",N5="多くの胃腸疾患や代謝疾患は、腸内細菌叢や神経化学物質の変化と関連しています。我々は、マイクロバイオームと神経化学物質の相互作用が過敏性腸症候群のリスクに寄与し、代謝の健康に影響を与えることを発見しています。",j5="母体の健康と胎児の神経発達に及ぼすマイクロバイオームの影響",$5="妊娠中、母体マイクロバイオームは、感染や食事の変化などの環境課題に対応し、母体と胎児の血流全体で数多くの生化学物質を制御しています。私たちは、妊娠中の母体マイクロバイオームが胎盤および胎児の脳の発達に対する環境影響を修飾し、子孫の脳機能や行動に持続的な変化をもたらすことを発見しています。",F5="マイクロバイオームと活発な神経化学シグナル伝達",O5="腸内細菌は、宿主の何百もの生化学物質を制御しています。私たちは、特定の腸内細菌がセロトニンなどの神経活性分子の合成を制御し、それが腸脳軸全体の神経細胞の活動に影響を与えることを発見しました。さらに、特定の細菌が神経化学物質と直接相互作用することで、消化管における自らの体力を促進し、神経化学物質のシグナル伝達経路を標的とする一般的な薬物に対する宿主の反応を変化させることも分かっている。",D5="脳と行動",H5="微生物叢が神経系に及ぼす影響とは？また、微生物はどのように神経系とコミュニケーションをとっているのでしょうか？",U5="健康・疾病",V5="微生物と神経系の相互作用は、健康や病気にどのような影響を与えるのでしょうか？そして、微生物叢の改変は神経疾患の症状を治療できるのか？",B5="統合生物学の疑問を解明する",z5="研究室のこだわり",G5="最新ニュース",q5="起源と相互作用",W5="どの種や集団が特定の機能的効果をもたらすのか？また、微生物と神経系の相互作用がもたらす進化上の利点は何か？",K5="研究所のニュースをもっと見る",Y5="コンパイル",J5="UCLAの蕭研究室は、これらの物質が脳や行動にどのような影響を及ぼすのかを解明することを目的としています。",Q5="体内には何兆もの微生物が存在し、健康や病気に影響を与えています。",Z5="研究分野",X5="すべての出版物を見る",e9="出版物を見る",t9="引用文献",n9="日付",i9="フィルター",a9="ソースへ移動",o9="抄録を隠す",s9="特許",r9="その他、私たちの活動を見る",l9="抄録を表示する",c9="すべての出版物を表示する",d9="お楽しみ・イベント",u9="研究室だより",h9="マルチメディア",m9="お問い合わせはこちら",f9="すべてのイベントを表示",p9="すべてのメディアを表示",_9="すべてのニュースを表示する",b9="求人に応募する",g9="広告フライヤー",w9="私たちは、腸内細菌が脳や行動にどのような影響を与えるのかを理解しようとする科学者と熟練したスタッフで構成されるチームです。",v9="科学的発見に貢献する",y9="友好的な人々との交流",A9="晴れの国ロサンゼルスで働く",k9="チームに参加する",T9="科学だ！",E9={A_alumni:A5,A_body_contains_trillions:k5,A_home:T5,A_jobs:E5,A_learn_about_our_research:S5,A_meet_the_team:P5,A_news:x5,A_publications:C5,A_research:L5,AREA_d:R5,AREA_d_desc:I5,AREA_g:M5,AREA_g_desc:N5,AREA_m:j5,AREA_m_desc:$5,AREA_s:F5,AREA_s_desc:O5,"Assistant Project Scientist":"アシスタントプロジェクトサイエンティスト",B_brain_and_behavior:D5,B_brain_behavior_questions:H5,B_health_and_disease:U5,B_heath_disease_questions:V5,B_investigating_questions:B5,B_labs_focus:z5,B_latest_news:G5,B_origins_and_interactions:q5,B_origins_interactions_questions:W5,B_see_more_news:K5,compiling:Y5,D_footer_hsiao_lab:J5,D_footer_trillion:Q5,E_research_areas:Z5,E_view_all_pubs:X5,E_view_pubs:e9,F_citations:t9,F_date:n9,F_filter:i9,F_g_to_source:a9,F_hide_abstract:o9,F_patents:s9,F_see_activity:r9,F_show_abstract:l9,F_show_all_pubs:c9,G_fun_events:d9,G_lab_news:u9,G_multimedia:h9,G_send_us_a_note:m9,G_show_all_events:f9,G_show_all_media:p9,G_show_all_news:_9,"Gnotobiotics Manager":"グノバイオティクスマネージャー",H_apply:b9,H_flyer:g9,H_jobs_desc:w9,H_jobs_discover:v9,H_jobs_friends:y9,H_jobs_sun:A9,H_join_team:k9,"lg:text-6xl":"lg:text-6xl","Master's Researcher":"修士課程研究員","MD Researcher":"医学博士研究員","MD/PhD Researcher":"MD/PhD研究員","Microbes, Guts & Brains":"微生物、腸、脳","Minding Our Microbes":"微生物、腸、脳","PhD Researcher":"博士課程研究員","Postdoctoral Scholar":"ポスドク研究員","Principal Investigator":"研究代表者","Public Administration Analyst":"行政アナリスト",science:T9,"Staff Research Associate":"リサーチアソシエイト","Undergraduate Researcher":"学部生研究員","Visiting Scholar":"客員研究員"},S9="Alumni",P9="Het lichaam bevat triljoenen microben die gezondheid en ziekte beïnvloeden. Wij streven ernaar te begrijpen hoe zij hersenen en gedrag beïnvloeden.",x9="Home",C9="Banen",L9="Over ons onderzoek",R9="Ontmoet het team",I9="Nieuws",M9="Publicaties",N9="Onderzoek",j9="Microbioom en neuroimmuun invloeden op neurologische aandoeningen",$9="Het darmmicrobioom en het immuunsysteem bevinden zich op het raakvlak van gen-omgevingsinteracties in vele neurologische, neuropsychiatrische en neurodegeneratieve aandoeningen. We vinden dat specifieke veranderingen in het darm microbioom en immuunsysteem het risico op hersen- en gedragsafwijkingen kunnen verhogen in modellen van verschillende neurologische aandoeningen, zoals autisme, epilepsie, cognitieve stoornissen, de ziekte van Parkinson, en de ziekte van Alzheimer. We vinden ook dat specifieke microbioom-gebaseerde interventies kunnen worden gebruikt om symptomen van neurologische ziekten te behandelen.",F9="Microbioom en maag-darm- en stofwisselingsstoornissen",O9="Veel gastro-intestinale en metabole aandoeningen zijn geassocieerd met veranderingen in het darm microbioom en neurochemische stoffen. Wij stellen vast dat microbioom-neurochemische interacties kunnen bijdragen tot het risico op prikkelbare darm syndroom en de metabole gezondheid kunnen beïnvloeden.",D9="Microbioom op de gezondheid van de moeder en de neurologische ontwikkeling van de foetus",H9="Tijdens de zwangerschap reageert het maternale microbioom op omgevingsfactoren, zoals infecties en veranderingen in de voeding, en reguleert het talrijke biochemische stoffen in de bloedstroom van de moeder en de foetus. Wij hebben ontdekt dat het microbioom van de moeder tijdens de zwangerschap de omgevingsinvloeden op de ontwikkeling van de placenta en de hersenen van de foetus wijzigt, met blijvende veranderingen in de hersenfunctie en het gedrag van de nakomelingen tot gevolg.",U9="Microbiome en actieve neurochemische signalering",V9="Het microbioom in de darm reguleert honderden biochemicaliën in de gastheer. We hebben ontdekt dat specifieke darmmicroben de synthese reguleren van neuroactieve moleculen, zoals serotonine, die de neuronale activiteit op de darm-hersenas beïnvloeden. Verder hebben we ontdekt dat geselecteerde bacteriën direct kunnen interageren met neurochemische stoffen om hun eigen fitness in het maag-darmkanaal te bevorderen en de reacties van de gastheer op gangbare medicijnen die neurochemische signaalwegen beïnvloeden, te veranderen.",B9="Hersenen en gedrag",z9="Wat zijn de effecten van de microbiota op het zenuwstelsel? En hoe communiceren microben met het zenuwstelsel?",G9="Gezondheid & Ziekte",q9="Hoe beïnvloeden interacties tussen microben en het zenuwstelsel de gezondheid en de ziekte? En kan wijziging van de microbiota symptomen van neurologische ziekten behandelen?",W9="Onderzoek van vragen in de geïntegreerde biologie",K9="De focus van het lab",Y9="Laatste nieuws",J9="Oorsprong en interacties",Q9="Welke soorten of gemeenschappen verlenen bijzondere functionele effecten? En wat zijn de evolutionaire voordelen van interacties tussen microben en het zenuwstelsel?",Z9="Zie meer laboratorium nieuws",X9="Compileren",e7="Het Hsiao Lab aan de UCLA wil begrijpen hoe ze hersenen en gedrag beïnvloeden.",t7="Het lichaam bevat triljoenen microben die gezondheid en ziekte beïnvloeden.",n7="Onderzoeksgebieden",i7="Bekijk alle publicaties",a7="Bekijk publicaties",o7="Citaten",s7="Datum",r7="Filter",l7="Ga naar bron",c7="Verbergen",d7="Octrooien",u7="Kijk wat we nog meer gedaan hebben",h7="Toon abstract",m7="Toon alle publicaties",f7="Plezier & evenementen",p7="Lab nieuws",_7="Multimedia",b7="Neem contact met ons op!",g7="Toon alle evenementen",w7="Toon alle media",v7="Toon alle nieuws",y7="Solliciteer naar een baan",A7="Advertentie Flyer",k7="Wij zijn een team van wetenschappers en bekwame medewerkers die willen begrijpen hoe darmmicroben de hersenen en het gedrag beïnvloeden.",T7="Wetenschappelijke ontdekkingen helpen doen",E7="Interactie met vriendelijke mensen",S7="Werken in het zonnige Los Angeles",P7="Kom bij het team",x7="Wetenschap!",C7={A_alumni:S9,A_body_contains_trillions:P9,A_home:x9,A_jobs:C9,A_learn_about_our_research:L9,A_meet_the_team:R9,A_news:I9,A_publications:M9,A_research:N9,AREA_d:j9,AREA_d_desc:$9,AREA_g:F9,AREA_g_desc:O9,AREA_m:D9,AREA_m_desc:H9,AREA_s:U9,AREA_s_desc:V9,"Assistant Project Scientist":"Assistent projectwetenschapper",B_brain_and_behavior:B9,B_brain_behavior_questions:z9,B_health_and_disease:G9,B_heath_disease_questions:q9,B_investigating_questions:W9,B_labs_focus:K9,B_latest_news:Y9,B_origins_and_interactions:J9,B_origins_interactions_questions:Q9,B_see_more_news:Z9,compiling:X9,D_footer_hsiao_lab:e7,D_footer_trillion:t7,E_research_areas:n7,E_view_all_pubs:i7,E_view_pubs:a7,F_citations:o7,F_date:s7,F_filter:r7,F_g_to_source:l7,F_hide_abstract:c7,F_patents:d7,F_see_activity:u7,F_show_abstract:h7,F_show_all_pubs:m7,G_fun_events:f7,G_lab_news:p7,G_multimedia:_7,G_send_us_a_note:b7,G_show_all_events:g7,G_show_all_media:w7,G_show_all_news:v7,"Gnotobiotics Manager":"Gnotobiotica Manager",H_apply:y7,H_flyer:A7,H_jobs_desc:k7,H_jobs_discover:T7,H_jobs_friends:E7,H_jobs_sun:S7,H_join_team:P7,"lg:text-6xl":"lg:text-5xl","Master's Researcher":"Master's Student Onderzoeker","MD Researcher":"MD Onderzoeker","MD/PhD Researcher":"MD/PhD onderzoeker","Microbes, Guts & Brains":"Microben, Darmen & Hersenen","Minding Our Microbes":"Microben, Darmen & Hersenen","PhD Researcher":"PhD onderzoeker","Postdoctoral Scholar":"Postdoctoraal Onderzoeker","Principal Investigator":"Hoofdonderzoeker","Public Administration Analyst":"Analist Bestuurskunde",science:x7,"Staff Research Associate":"Onderzoeker","Undergraduate Researcher":"Onderzoeker","Visiting Scholar":"Gastonderzoeker"},L7="Alumni",R7="O corpo contém triliões de micróbios que têm impacto na saúde e na doença. O nosso objectivo é compreender como eles influenciam o cérebro e o comportamento.",I7="home",M7="Empregos",N7="A nossa investigação",j7="Conheça a equipa",$7="Notícias",F7="Publicações",O7="Investigação",D7="Influências microbianas e neuroimunes nas perturbações neurológicas",H7="O microbioma intestinal e o sistema imunitário estão na interface das interacções genes-ambientais em muitas condições de desenvolvimento neurológico, neuropsiquiátrico, e neurodegenerativo. Verificamos que alterações específicas no microbioma intestinal e no sistema imunitário podem aumentar o risco de anomalias cerebrais e comportamentais em modelos de várias doenças neurológicas, tais como o autismo, epilepsia, deficiência cognitiva, doença de Parkinson, e doença de Alzheimer. Verificamos também que intervenções específicas baseadas em microbiologia podem ser utilizadas para tratar sintomas de doenças neurológicas.",U7="Perturbações microbiológicas, gastrointestinais e metabólicas",V7="Muitas condições gastrointestinais e metabólicas estão associadas a alterações no microbioma intestinal e neuroquímicos. Verificamos que as interacções microbiome-neuroquímicas podem contribuir para o risco de síndrome do intestino irritável e influenciar a saúde metabólica.",B7="Microbioma sobre saúde materna e neurodesenvolvimento fetal",z7="Durante a gravidez, o microbioma materno responde a desafios ambientais, tais como infecções e alterações dietéticas, e regula numerosos bioquímicos nas correntes sanguíneas materna e fetal. Verificamos que o microbioma materno durante a gravidez modifica as influências ambientais no desenvolvimento da placenta e do cérebro fetal, com alterações duradouras na função cerebral e no comportamento da descendência.",G7="Sinalização microbiométrica e neuroquímica activa",q7="O microbioma intestinal regula centenas de bioquímicos no hospedeiro. Descobrimos que micróbios intestinais específicos regulam a síntese de moléculas neuroactivas, tais como a serotonina, que têm impacto na actividade neuronal através do eixo do cérebro intestinal. Descobrimos ainda que bactérias seleccionadas podem interagir directamente com os neuroquímicos para promover a sua própria aptidão no tracto gastrointestinal e alterar as respostas do hospedeiro a medicamentos comuns que visam vias de sinalização neuroquímica.",W7="Cérebro e Comportamento",K7="Quais são os efeitos da microbiota sobre o sistema nervoso? E como é que os micróbios comunicam com o sistema nervoso?",Y7="Saúde e Doença",J7="Como é que as interacções entre os micróbios e os sistemas nervosos têm impacto na saúde e na doença? E a modificação da microbiota pode tratar os sintomas de doenças neurológicas?",Q7="Questões de Investigação em Biologia Integrativa",Z7="O foco do laboratório",X7="Notícias mais recentes",eT="Origens e Interacções",tT="Que espécies ou comunidades conferem efeitos funcionais particulares? E quais são os benefícios evolutivos das interacções do sistema micronervoso?",nT="Ver mais notícias de laboratório",iT="Compilação",aT="O Laboratório Hsiao da UCLA pretende compreender como influenciam o cérebro e o comportamento.",oT="O corpo contém triliões de micróbios que têm impacto na saúde e na doença.",sT="Áreas de Investigação",rT="Ver todas as publicações",lT="Ver publicações",cT="Citações",dT="Data",uT="Filtro",hT="Ir à fonte",mT="Ocultar resumo",fT="Patentes",pT="Veja o que mais temos andado a fazer",_T="Mostrar resumo",bT="Mostrar todas as publicações",gT="Diversão e Eventos",wT="Notícias do Laboratório",vT="Multimédia",yT="Contacte-nos!",AT="Mostrar todos os eventos",kT="Mostrar todos os meios de comunicação",TT="Mostrar todas as notícias",ET="Candidatura a emprego",ST="Folheto publicitário",PT="Somos uma equipa de cientistas e pessoal qualificado que quer compreender como os micróbios intestinais influenciam o cérebro e o comportamento.",xT="Ajudar a fazer descobertas científicas",CT="Interagir com pessoas amigáveis",LT="Trabalhar na ensolarada Los Angeles",RT="Junte-se à equipa",IT="Ciência!",MT={A_alumni:L7,A_body_contains_trillions:R7,A_home:I7,A_jobs:M7,A_learn_about_our_research:N7,A_meet_the_team:j7,A_news:$7,A_publications:F7,A_research:O7,AREA_d:D7,AREA_d_desc:H7,AREA_g:U7,AREA_g_desc:V7,AREA_m:B7,AREA_m_desc:z7,AREA_s:G7,AREA_s_desc:q7,"Assistant Project Scientist":"Cientista Assistente de Projecto",B_brain_and_behavior:W7,B_brain_behavior_questions:K7,B_health_and_disease:Y7,B_heath_disease_questions:J7,B_investigating_questions:Q7,B_labs_focus:Z7,B_latest_news:X7,B_origins_and_interactions:eT,B_origins_interactions_questions:tT,B_see_more_news:nT,compiling:iT,D_footer_hsiao_lab:aT,D_footer_trillion:oT,E_research_areas:sT,E_view_all_pubs:rT,E_view_pubs:lT,F_citations:cT,F_date:dT,F_filter:uT,F_g_to_source:hT,F_hide_abstract:mT,F_patents:fT,F_see_activity:pT,F_show_abstract:_T,F_show_all_pubs:bT,G_fun_events:gT,G_lab_news:wT,G_multimedia:vT,G_send_us_a_note:yT,G_show_all_events:AT,G_show_all_media:kT,G_show_all_news:TT,"Gnotobiotics Manager":"Gestor de Gnotobiótica",H_apply:ET,H_flyer:ST,H_jobs_desc:PT,H_jobs_discover:xT,H_jobs_friends:CT,H_jobs_sun:LT,H_join_team:RT,"lg:text-6xl":"lg:text-4xl","Master's Researcher":"Pesquisador de mestrado","MD Researcher":"Investigador MD","MD/PhD Researcher":"Investigador MD/PhD","Microbes, Guts & Brains":"Micróbios, entranhas e cérebros","Minding Our Microbes":"Micróbios, entranhas e cérebros","PhD Researcher":"Investigador PhD","Postdoctoral Scholar":"Bolseiro de Pós-Doutoramento","Principal Investigator":"Investigador Principal","Public Administration Analyst":"Analista da Administração Pública",science:IT,"Staff Research Associate":"Investigador Associado","Undergraduate Researcher":"Investigador de Graduação","Visiting Scholar":"Bolseiro 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